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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm


\section*{II.3 Category of covering space and deck transformation group}
{\bf Note.} Assume all the spaces are path connected and locally
path connected from now on.
\begin{defn}
Given $\x$, consider a {\bf category} of covering spaces $\tx$ and morphisms between covering spaces. \\
A morphism of $\widetilde{X}_1$ to $\widetilde{X}_2$ is a
  map $\phi:\widetilde{X}_1\rightarrow \widetilde{X}_2$ such that
  the diagram

  \hspace{2em}$\txx\hspace{1em}\overset{\phi}{\rightarrow}
  \hspace{1em}\txxx$

$  \hspace{3em}p_1\searrow \hspace{2em} \swarrow p_2 \hspace{5em}$
commutes.

  \hspace{4.5em}$\x$

\end{defn}

Áï, À§ diagram ÀÌ commuteÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸»Àº fiber¸¦ fiber·Î º¸³½´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ
µÈ´Ù.
\begin{thm}
Let $p_i:\widetilde{X}_i\rightarrow X, i=1,2 $ be  covering
  maps. Then a morphism $\phi:(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x}_1)\rightarrow
(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x}_2)$ exists if and only of
$p_{1\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x}_1)\subset
p_{2\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x}_2)$. \\In this
case, $\phi$ is unique.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
morphismÀº º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î liftingÀÌ¹Ç·Î, General Lifting Property¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù. uniqueness ¿ª½Ã liftingÀÇ uniqueness¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
A morphism $\phi$ is a covering map.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
Exercise.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Note.} ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î, commuteÇÏ´Â diagram
\begin{center}
$X \ \overset{p}{\rightarrow}\ Y$\\
$ q\searrow \ \ \swarrow r$\\
$ Z$
\end{center}
¿¡¼­ 2°³°¡ coveringÀÌ¸é ³ª¸ÓÁöµµ coveringÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ($Z$°¡
universal coveringÀ» °¡Áú¶§)



\begin{thm}
Let $p_i:\widetilde{X}_i\rightarrow X, i=1,2 $ be  covering
  maps.
 Then there exists an isomorphism
$\phi:\txx\rightarrow\txxx$ if and only if $
p_{1{\sharp}}\pi_1\txx=p_{2{\sharp}}\pi_1\txxx$
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
($\Rightarrow$) Á¤¸® 1À» ¾çÂÊÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÇÏ¸é ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.\\
($\Leftarrow$) Á¤¸® 1¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© morphism
$\phi:\txx\rightarrow\txxx$, $\psi:\txxx\rightarrow\txx$°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, $\psi\circ\phi$´Â $\widetilde{x}_1$À»
$\widetilde{x}_1$À¸·Î º¸³»´Â liftingÀÌ¹Ç·Î, uniqueness¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
identity mapÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î $\phi\circ\psi$µµ identity
mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\phi$´Â isomorphismÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\


À§ Á¤¸®¿¡¼­ base point¿Í ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô ´ÙÀ½ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÔÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

\begin{cor}
Let $p_i:\widetilde{X}_i\rightarrow X, i=1,2 $ be  covering
  maps.
Then there exists an isomorphism
$\phi:\widetilde{X}_1\rightarrow\widetilde{X}_2$ if and only if $
p_{1{\sharp}}\pi_1\txx$ and $p_{2{\sharp}}\pi_1\txxx$ are
conjugate in $\pi_1(X,x)$ for some
$x=p_1(\widetilde{x}_1)=p_2(\widetilde{x}_2)$
\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
¾ÕÀý¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x}_0)$¿Í
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x}_0')$Àº conjugateÀÓÀ»
¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î Á¤¸® 3À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{defn}
An isomorphism $g:\widetilde{X} \to \widetilde{X}$ is called a
{\it deck transformation} (or a {\it covering transformation}).
The group of deck transformations is called a deck transformation
group and will be denoted by $G$ in this section.
\end{defn}

{\bf Note.}\\
(1) $g, h \in G$, $h(\xt)=g(\xt)$ for some $\xt$ $\Rightarrow
g=h$. Hence $G$-action on $\widetilde{X}$ is free.\\
ÀÌ°ÍÀº morphismÀº liftingÀÌ¶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ uniqueness¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù. \\
(2) $G$ acts on $p^{-1}(x)$ (as a permutation group.) \\
Áï, $\xt\in p^{-1}(x)$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $p\circ g(\xt)=p(\xt)=x$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î,
$g(\xt) \in p^{-1}(x)$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
(3) $g\in G$ and $g(\xt_0 )=\xt_1$, then what is
g($\yt$) for $\yt\in\Xt$?\\
general lifting property¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÑ argument·Î ºÎÅÍ $\xt_0$¿¡¼­
$\yt$·Î °¡´Â path¸¦ Àâ°í ÀÌ path¸¦ $X$·Î ³»¸° ÈÄ $\xt_1$¿¡¼­
Ãâ¹ßÇÏ´Â path·Î ´Ù½Ã ¿Ã¸®¸é ±× ³¡Á¡ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î
$g(\yt)$ÀÌ´Ù. \\

{\bf (Âü°í) Group Action}\\
Let G be a group. G acts on a set X on the left if\\
$\exists\,\,\alp : G \times X \rightarrow X$, denoted by $g\cdot x
:= \alp (g,x)$ \\
such that (1)
$(g\cdot h)\cdot x=g\cdot(h\cdot x)$, (2) $ e\cdot x= x$, where $e$ is an identity in G.\\

$\bullet$ Orbit of $x=G\cdot x=\{g\cdot x\,\,|\,\,g \in G\}$ ,\\
$\bullet$ Isotropy subgroup at $x=G_x=\{g\in G\,\,|\,\,gx=x\}$\\
$\bullet$ The action is said to be {\it free} if $g\cdot x=x$ for
some $x$
implies $g=e$.\\
$\bullet$ The action is said to be \textit{transitive} if $G\cdot
x=X$ for some $x\in X$.

$\bullet$ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î $G/G_x\cong G\cdot x  $ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\
(Áõ¸í)$\phi:G/G_x\rightarrow G\cdot x$¸¦ $\phi(gG_x)=g\cdot x$·Î
Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é well-definedÀÌ°í bijectionÀÓÀ» ½±°Ô º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$\bullet$ $G_{g \cdot \, x} = g \, G_x \, g^{-1}$ \\
(Áõ¸í) $\subset$ Àº ºÒº¯,\,\,\,   $\supset$ : $ G_x = G_{g^{-1}(gx)}
\supset g^{-1}\, G_{gx} \, g$ ¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â´Ù.


\newpage
\section*{Action of paths on fibers}

%   figure : action of paths on fibers %
\psset{unit=2cm}
\begin{floatingfigure}[l]{6.5cm}
\begin{center}
\begin{pspicture}(3,3.2)%
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
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    \pscurve[linewidth=0.03](-1,3)(-1,1.1)(-0.9,1)(0.9,1)(1,1.1)(1,3)
    \psdot(-0.5,-0.1)
    \psdot(0.5,0.1)
    \pscurve(-0.5,-0.1)(0,-.05)(0,.05)(0.2,0.15)(0.5,0.1)
    \pscurve{->}(-0.5,-0.1)(0,-.05)(0,.05)(0.2,0.15)
    \psdots(-0.5,1.2)(0.5,1.2)(-0.5,1.4)(0.5,1.4)(-0.5,1.6)(0.5,1.6)%
           (-0.5,1.8)(0.5,1.8)(-0.5,2.0)(0.5,2.0)(-0.5,2.2)(0.5,2.2)%
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\pscurve{->}(-0.5,-0.1)(0,-.05)(0,.05)(0.2,0.15)}
\rput(1.4,2.25){$\widetilde{\sig}$}%
\rput(0.9,0.05){$x_0$} \rput(2.15,-0.05){$x_1$} \rput(1.4,0.15){$\sig$}%
\rput(1,3){$p^{-1}(x_0)$} \rput(2,3){$p^{-1}(x_1)$}


\end{pspicture}
\end{center}
\caption{Action of paths on fibers}
\end{floatingfigure}

Given $\sig$ from $x_0$ to $x_1$, a lifting $\widetilde{\sig}$
defines a bijection $\theta_{\sig} : p^{-1}(x_0)\to p^{-1}(x_1)$
where $\theta_{\sig}(\widetilde{\sig}(0))=\widetilde{\sig}(1)$\\

Note. (a) $\sig \sim \tau \Rightarrow
\theta_{\sig}=\theta_{\tau}$ \\
\hspace*{33pt}(b) $
\theta_{\sig*\tau}=\theta_{\tau}\circ\theta_{\sig}$\\

À§ note¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
$\theta_{\sig}\circ\theta_{\overline{\sig}}=\theta_{\sig*\overline{\sig}}
=\theta_{x_0}=id$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\theta_{\sig}$´Â bijectionÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù.\\

\vspace{8em}
µû¶ó¼­,\\
(1) $|p^{-1}(x_0)|=|p^{-1}(x_1)|$\\
(2) Have a $\pi_1\x$ (right) action on $p^{-1}(x_0)$:\\
$\xt_0\cdot[\alp]=\theta_\alp(\xt_0)$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é À§ÀÇ Note (a)¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ°í, Note (b)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
$\xt_0\cdot([\alp][\bet])=\theta_{\alp*\bet}(\xt_0)=\theta_{\bet}\circ\theta_{\alp}(\xt_0)
=(\xt_0\cdot[\alp])\cdot[\bet]$°¡ µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ constant loop¸¦
¿Ã¸®¸é constant loop°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ $\xt_0\cdot 1=\xt_0$°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÏ¿©
right actionÀÌ Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

Isotropy subgroup at
$\widetilde{x_0}=p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$:

(Áõ¸í)($\subseteq$)¸¸¾à $[\alp]\in$ Isotropy subgroup at
$\widetilde{x_0}$¶ó¸é,
$\widetilde{x}_0\cdot[\alp]=\widetilde{x}_0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\widetilde{\alp}$´Â loop°¡ µÈ´Ù. $[\widetilde{\alp}]\in \pi_1
\tx$¿¡¼­ ¾çº¯¿¡ $p_{\sharp}$ À» ÃëÇÏ¸é
$[\alp]=p_{\sharp}[\widetilde{\alp}]\in
p_{\sharp}\pi_1\tx$ÀÌ´Ù. \\
($\supseteq$)¿ªÀ¸·Î $[\beta]\in p_{\sharp}\pi_1\tx$¸¦ ÀâÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é
¾î¶² $[\beta ']\in \pi_1\tx$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p_{\sharp}([\beta
'])=[\beta]$ ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $\beta$ÀÇ liftingÀ» $\widetilde{\beta}$
¶ó µÎ¸é $p_{\sharp}[\widetilde{\beta}]=[p\circ
\widetilde{\beta}]=[\beta]=p_{\sharp}[\beta ']$.\\
µû¶ó¼­ $\beta=p\circ \widetilde{\beta}\sim p\circ \beta'$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\widetilde{\beta}\sim \beta '$ ÀÌ µÇ°í, $\beta '$Àº loop ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\widetilde{\beta}$µµ loop°¡ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\widetilde{\beta}_{\widetilde{x_0}}(1)=\widetilde{x_0}$ ¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.\\

(3) $\Xt$ : path connected $\Rightarrow$ $\pi_1$-action is
transitive.\\
fiber »óÀÇ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ µÎ Á¡À» ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â path°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ pathÀÇ
$p$-image´Â loop°¡ µÇ°í ÀÌ°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ actionÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.\\
À§ »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
\begin{displaymath}
p^{-1}(x_0)\cong \pi_1\x / p_{\sharp}\pi_1\tx
\end{displaymath}

\begin{cor}
If $X$ is simply connected, i.e., $\pi_1(X)=1$, then
$p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ is a homeomorphism.
\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
$\pi_1(X,{x})$ÀÌ  trivialÀÌ¹Ç·Î  ±×ÀÇ  subgroupÀÎ
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1\tx$ ¿ª½Ã trivialÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $
|p^{-1}(x)|=|\pi_1(X,{x})|=1$ÀÌ µÇ¾î  $p$´Â 1-1ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¿ø·¡
covering map $p$ ´Â onto, continuous, open mapÀÌ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î $p$´Â
homeomorphism ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\section*{Actions of G and $\pi_1\x$ on $p^{-1}(x)$}
{\bf Notation.} %
$G$= deck transformation group\\
$\Pi=\pi_1(X,x)$, $Y=p^{-1}(x)$,
$\Pi_y=p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},y)$\\

1. Two actions commute, i.e.,
$g(\xt\cdot[\alp])=g(\xt)\cdot[\alp]$.\\

%   figure : Two actions commute. %
\psset{unit=2cm}
\begin{floatingfigure}[l]{6cm}
\begin{center}
\resizebox{4.5cm}{4.8cm}{
\begin{pspicture}(3,3.2)%
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    \pscurve[linewidth=0.03](-1,3)(-1,1.1)(-0.9,1)(0.9,1)(1,1.1)(1,3)
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}%
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} \rput(1.8,2.3){
    \pscurve(-0.5,-0.1)(-.2,-0.1)(-0,-0.1)(0.2,-.05)(0.2,.2)(-0.5,0.3)
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\rput(2.2,1.6){$\widetilde{\alp}$}%
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\rput(1.1,-0.1){$x$} \rput(1.4,0.15){$\alp$}%
\rput(1.3,3.1){$p^{-1}(x)$}

\rput(1.1,1.4){$\xt$}%
\rput(0.9,1.8){$\xt\cdot[\alp]$}%
\rput(1.0,2.2){$g(\xt)$}%
\rput(0.35,2.6){$g(\xt)\cdot[\alp]=g(\xt\cdot[\alp])$}%


\end{pspicture}}
\end{center}
\caption{Two actions commute}
\end{floatingfigure}

\begin{proof}
$p\circ (g\circ \widetilde{\alp})=p\circ \widetilde{\alp}=\alp$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $g\circ \widetilde{\alp}$´Â $\alp$ÀÇ liftingÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù.
ÀÌ¶§, $g\circ \widetilde{\alp}$ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÁ¡Àº
$g(\widetilde{x})$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\pi_1$-actionÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ µû¶ó
$g(\widetilde{x})\cdot[\alp]=(g\circ \widetilde{\alp})(1)$ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·±µ¥, $(g\circ
\widetilde{\alp})(1)=g(\widetilde{\alp}(1))=g(\xt\cdot[\alp])$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $g(\widetilde{x}\cdot [\alp])=g(\widetilde{x})\cdot
[\alp]$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

\vspace{9em} 2. (a) By general lifting theorem(¶Ç´Â ¾ÕÀý Á¤¸®3¿¡
ÀÇÇØ) , $\exists g\in G$ such that $
g(y)=y' \Leftrightarrow \Pi_y =\Pi_{y'}$.\\
\hspace*{2ex} (b) In general,
$\Pi_{y\cdot[\alp]}=[\alp]^{-1}\Pi_y[\alp]$.\\

À§ÀÇ (a)¿Í (b)·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ½ »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

\hspace*{2ex} (c) \framebox[1.05\width]{\Large $\exists g\in G$
such that $ g(y)=y\cdot [\alp] \iff [\alp]\in N(\Pi_y)$} \\

 ¿©±â¼­ $N(\Pi_y)$´Â $\Pi_y$ÀÇ
Normalizer¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, $[\alp]\in
N(\Pi_y)$´Â $[\alp]^{-1}\Pi_y[\alp]=\Pi_y$ÀÓÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù.\\


(d) Define a homomorphism $\theta:N(\Pi_y)\rightarrow G$ by
$\theta([\alp])(y)=y\cdot[\alp]$\\
(¿©±â¼­ $\theta([\alp])$´Â deck transformationÀÌ¹Ç·Î, uniqueness¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ÇÑ Á¡ÀÇ image $\theta([\alp])(y)$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. )\\
¸ÕÀú $\theta$°¡ homomorphismÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. \\
 $\theta([\alp][\bet])(y)=y\cdot([\alp][\bet])=(y\cdot[\alp])\cdot[\bet]\\
 =(\theta([\alp])(y))\cdot[\bet]=\theta([\alp])(y\cdot[\bet])$\hspace{2cm}($\because$ Two actions commute.)  \\
 $=\theta([\alp])(\theta([\bet])\cdot
 y)=(\theta([\alp])\theta([\bet]))(y)$\\

$\theta$ is onto: \\
ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ÁÖ¾îÁø $g\in G $¿¡ ´ëÇØ $y'=g(y)$¶ó µÎÀÚ. ±×¸®°í
$\widetilde{\alp}$¸¦ $y$¿¡¼­ $y'$ ·Î °¡´Â path¶ó µÎÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é loop
$\alp=p\circ \widetilde{\alp}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $y'=y\cdot [\alp]$ ÀÌ µÇ°í
À§ÀÇ 2(c)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© $[\alp] \in N(\Pi_y)$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, $ker\theta = \{\alp\in N(\Pi_y)|
y\cdot[\alp]=y\}=\Pi_y$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´ÙÀ½À» ¾ò´Â´Ù.
\begin{center}
\framebox[1.1\width]{\Large $N(\Pi_y)/\Pi_y \cong G$}
\end{center}

ÀÌ¶§, $N(\Pi_y)/\Pi_y \cong G$ÀÇ isomorphismÀ» $\theta_y$¶ó µÐ´Ù.
Áï, $\theta_y(\overline{[\alp]})=\theta([\alp])$.\\

{\bf Remark.} \\
(1) $\theta_y$ depends on a choice of $y\in p^{-1}(x)$.\\

(2) $\Xt$ is called a universal covering of $X$ if $\Xt$ is simply
connected, i.e., $\Xt$ is path-connected and $\pi_1(\Xt)=0$.
In this case, it follows that $\pi_1(X)=G$.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 6.} Universal coveringÀÇ °æ¿ì, $\theta_y$°¡ $y$ÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡
µû¶ó ¾î¶»°Ô ´Þ¶óÁö´Â°¡?\\

\newpage
\begin{defn} A covering $p:(\Xt,\xt)\to (X,x)$ is a {\it regular
(or normal) covering} if $p_\sharp \pi_1 (\Xt,\xt)$ is a normal
subgroup of $\pi_1(X,x)$.\end{defn}

{\bf Note.} The notion of regular covering is independent of
choice of base point, i.e., if $p:(\Xt,\xt_0)\to (X,x_0)$ is a
regular covering, then $p:(\Xt,\xt)\to (X,x)$ is also a regular
covering.\\
\begin{proof}
$\hspace{3em}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x}_0)\hspace{2em}
\overset{\phi_\rho}{\longrightarrow}\hspace{2em}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x})$\\
$\hspace*{6em}p_{\sharp}\downarrow\hspace{9.5em}\downarrow
p_{\sharp}\hspace{5em}$\\
$\hspace*{5.5em}\pi_1(X,x_0)\hspace{2em}\overset{\phi_{\overline{\rho}}}{\longrightarrow}\hspace{2em}\pi_1(X,x)$\\
$\rho$¸¦ $\xt_0$¿¡¼­ $\xt$·Î °¡´Â path¶ó ÇÏ°í,
$\overline{\rho}=p\circ\rho$¶ó ÇÏ¸é, $\phi_\rho,
\phi_{\overline{\rho}}$´Â ¸ðµÎ isomorphismÀÌ°í, À§ diagramÀÌ
commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î,$p_\sharp \pi_1 (\Xt,\xt_0)$ÀÌ $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ÀÇ
normal subgroupÀÌ¸é $p_\sharp \pi_1 (\Xt,\xt)$ÀÌ $\pi_1(X,x)$ÀÇ
normal subgroupÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
 $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ is a regular covering
$\Leftrightarrow$ G action on $p^{-1}(x)$ is transitive.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
$p$°¡ regular coveringÀÌ¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ¾î¶² $y\in\Xt$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$N(\Pi_y)=\Pi$¶ó´Â °Í°ú µ¿Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, $N(\Pi_y)=\Pi$¶ó¸é, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ
$y'\in p^{-1}(x), x=p(y)$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $y$¿¡¼­ $y'$À¸·Î °¡´Â path
$\widetilde{\alp}$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ $p$-image¸¦ $\alp$¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é
$[\alp]\in\Pi=N(\Pi_y)$ÀÌ°í $y'=y\cdot[\alp]$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, 2.(c)¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿©
$g(y)=y'$ÀÎ $g\in G$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î $p^{-1}(x)=G\cdot y$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
¿ªÀ¸·Î $p^{-1}(x)=G\cdot y$¶ó¸é, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $[\alp]\in\Pi$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©,
$g(y)=y\cdot[\alp]$ÀÎ $g$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î 2.(c)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© $[\alp]\in
N(\Pi_y)$°¡ µÇ¾î $N(\Pi_y)=\Pi$°¡ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\


{\bf Application.} If $\Pi=\pi_1(X)$ for some $X$ and $\Gamma$ is
a subgroup of $\Pi$
of index 2, then $\Gamma\lhd\Pi$.\\
\begin{proof}
´ÙÀ½ ÀýÀÇ Á¤¸®¿¡ µû¶ó $p_\sharp\pi_1\tx=\Gamma$°¡ µÇ´Â covering
$\Xt$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, index°¡ 2ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ coveringÀº double coveringÀÌ
µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, °¢ fiberÀÇ µÎ Á¡À» Ä¡È¯ÇÏ´Â mapÀº deck
transformationÀÌ µÇ°í deck transformation group $G$´Â order 2ÀÎ
groupÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î $G$-actionÀº transitiveÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, À§ÀÇ
Á¤¸®¿¡ µû¶ó $\Gamma\lhd\Pi$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\newpage
ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î group $G$°¡ set $X$¿¡ actÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ orbitµéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓ $\{
G\cdot x ~|~ x\in X\}$À» orbit space¶ó°í ÇÏ°í, $G\setminus X$·Î
¾´´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, cannonical projection $q:X\to G\setminus X$°¡
surjectionÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $G\setminus X$¿¡ quotient topology¸¦ ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ¶§,
$q$¸¦ quotient mapÀÌ¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
\begin{thm}
If $p:\Xt\to X$ is a regular covering, then $X=G\setminus \Xt$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
quotient map $q:\Xt\to G\setminus X$À» »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é, Á¤¸® 6¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
$q$°¡ ¹Ù·Î covering map $p$¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í, µû¶ó¼­
$X=G\setminus \Xt$ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

À§ Á¤¸®ÀÇ ¿ªÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ±â À§ÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½À» Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.
\begin{defn}
A group action $(G,\Xt)$ is called a {\it covering action} if\\
(1) $G$-action is free \\
(2) $\forall \xt\in\Xt$, $\exists U$ a neighborhood of $\xt$ such
that $g(U)\bigcap U=\varnothing$, $\forall g\in G$.
\end{defn}
\begin{thm}
If $(G,\Xt)$ is a covering action, then the quotient map $q:\Xt\to
G\setminus \Xt$ is a regular covering.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
covering actionÀÇ Á¶°Ç (2)¿¡ µû¶ó, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $\xt\in \Xt$¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÁÁÀº
neighborhood $U$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© $g(U)$µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ disjointÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­, $g(\xt)\in G\setminus \Xt$ÀÇ neighborhood $q(U)$°¡ ¹Ù·Î
evenly covered neighborhood°¡ µÇ¾î, $q$°¡ covering mapÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
ÀÌ¶§, $G$ÀÇ ¿ø¼ÒµéÀº deck transformationÀÌ µÇ°í, orbit spaceÀÇ
Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ µû¶ó, $G$-actionÀÌ transitiveÀÓÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Á¤¸®
6¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© regular coveringÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 7.}. Let $p:\Xt\to X$ be a covering map. Show that $\Xt$
is Hausdorff if $X$ is Hausdorff. Is the converse true?\\
(Hint. Let $f:\rb^2\setminus \{0\} \to \rb^2\setminus \{0\}$ be
given by
$f=( \begin{array}{rr}2 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{2}\end{array} )$, and\\
\hspace*{3em}consider the action $(G,\rb^2\setminus \{0\})$ where
$G=<f>\cong\mathbb{Z}$.)


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