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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\psset{unit=2cm}
\section*{III.3 Applications}
1. $X=$ \resizebox{2cm}{0.4cm}{%
\begin{pspicture}(2,.4)%
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
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\end{pspicture}}
 \hspace{3ex}
 $\Rightarrow$\hspace{3ex}$\pi_1(X)=\zb \underset{\{e\}}{*} \zb=\zb*\zb=F_2$\\
\hspace*{16em}(Free group with 2 generators)\\
°¢ circleÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open setÀ» $U$, $V$¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é (Áï, $U=$\resizebox{1cm}{0.3cm}{%
\begin{pspicture}(1.1,.4)%
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
\psclip{\psframe[linestyle=none](0,0)(1.1,0.5)}
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\rput{180}(1,0.2){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\endpsclip
\end{pspicture}},$V=$\resizebox{1cm}{0.3cm}{%
\begin{pspicture}(.9,0)(2,.4)%
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
\psclip{\psframe[linestyle=none](.9,0)(2.1,0.5)}
\rput(1,0.2){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\rput{180}(1,0.2){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\endpsclip
\end{pspicture}}), $\pi_1(U)=\pi_1(V)=\zb$ÀÌ°í $\pi_1(U\bigcap V)=\{e\}$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
amalgamated product¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é $\pi_1(X)=F_2$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\
°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î $\pi_1( \raisebox{-2.5ex}{
\resizebox{6ex}{6ex}{%
\begin{pspicture}(2,2)
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
\rput(1,1){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\rput{240}(1,1){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\rput{120}(1,1){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\end{pspicture}}})=F_3$(Free group with 3 generators)ÀÌ´Ù.\\

2.
\begin{floatingfigure}[l]{6cm}
\begin{pspicture}(3,2)%
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
% S^2%
\rput(1,1){\psellipse(0,0)(.7,.2)
\pspolygon[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white,linestyle=none](-1,0)(1,0)(1,0.5)(-1,0.5)(-1,0)
\psellipse[linestyle=dashed](0,0)(.7,0.2) \pscircle(0,0){.7}
}%
\rput{180}(1.7,1){\pscurve(0,0)(-0.5,-.2)(-1,0)(-0.5,0.2)(0,0)}
\end{pspicture}
\end{floatingfigure}

$S^2$¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open set°ú circleÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open setÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é,
$\pi_1(S^2)=1$, $\pi_1(S^1)=\zb$ÀÌ°í ±³ÁýÇÕÀÇ fundamental groupÀº
trivial groupÀÌ¹Ç·Î, ±×¸²°ú °°Àº surfaceÀÇ fundamental groupÀº
\begin{displaymath}
1*\zb =\zb
\end{displaymath}
ÀÌ´Ù.\\

3. $X=M^2$, closed surface.\\
(1) orientable case \\
¸ÕÀú TorusÀÇ °æ¿ì¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é, ¾ÕÀý¿¡¼­ »ìÆìº» ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ
Fundamental groupÀÌ $\zb\bigoplus\zb$ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¸¦ Van-Kampen
TheoremÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±¸ÇØº¸ÀÚ.
\begin{center}
\begin{pspicture}(0,0.3)(4,1.7)%
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
% Torus%
\rput(1,1){\psellipse(0,0)(1,.7) }
% genus
\rput(1,1){\psarc(0,0.9){1}{240}{300}\psarc(0,-0.95){1}{70}{110} }
 \rput(2.4,1){=}%
\rput(3,0.5){\pspolygon(0,0)(1,0)(1,1)(0,1)
    \psline{->}(0,0)(0,0.55)
    \psline{->}(0,0)(.55,0)
    \psline{->}(0,1)(.55,1)
    \psline{->}(1,0)(1,0.55)
    \rput(1.1,.5){$b$}
    \rput(.5,-.1){$a$}
    \rput(-.1,.5){$b$}
    \rput(.5,1.1){$a$}

    % ±¸¸Û
    \rput(.8,.8){$U$}
    \rput(1.2,.1){$V$}
    \psline{->}(1.1,.1)(.6,.4)
    \rput(.5,.5){\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=lightgray](0,0){0.15}\pscircle(0,0){0.03}}
    }
\end{pspicture}
\end{center}
Torus´Â »ç°¢ÇüÀÇ °¢ º¯À» ¼­·Î IdentifyÇØ ÁØ°Í°ú °°´Ù. ¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÇ
±×¸²¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ Torus¿¡¼­ ÇÑÁ¡ »©ÁØ open setÀ» $U$, ±×Á¡À»
Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open neighborhood¸¦ $V$¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é, $U\bigcap V$´Â
annulus¿Í °°À¸¹Ç·Î $\pi_1(U\bigcap V)=\zb$ÀÌ°í, $V$´Â diskÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\pi_1(V)=\{e\}$ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼÷Á¦ 1¿¡¼­ $\pi_1(U)=\pi_1($figure
eight$)$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº» ¹Ù ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, (½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×¸²¿¡¼­ figure eight
$a\cup b$´Â $U$ÀÇ strong deformation retract°¡ µÊÀ» ½±°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.) $\pi_1(U)=\zb*\zb=F_2$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
group presentationÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© amalgamated product¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ±â À§ÇÏ¿©
°¢ groupÀÇ generator¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸¸é, $\pi_1(U)$ÀÇ generator´Â À§
±×¸²¿¡¼­ loop $a$, $b$ÀÇ equivalence classµéÀÌ°í, $\pi_1(U\bigcap
V)$ÀÇ generator´Â Á¡ÁÖÀ§¸¦ ÇÑ¹ÙÄû µµ´Â loop\\
($c$¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ)ÀÇ equivalence classÀÌ´Ù. $\pi_1(V)$ÀÇ generator´Â
¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î Amalgamated product´Â $a,b$·Î generateµÇ´Â free group¿¡
relation¸¸ ÁÖ¸é µÇ´Âµ¥, loop $c$´Â $U$ÀÇ loop·Î º¸¸é
$aba^{-1}b^{-1}$ÀÌ°í $V$ÀÇ loop·Î º¸¸é constant loopÀÌ¹Ç·Î
relationÀº $aba^{-1}b^{-1}=1$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\
µû¶ó¼­, $\pi_1(Torus)=<a,b~|~aba^{-1}b^{-1}>=\zb\bigoplus\zb$ÀÌ´Ù. \\

¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î genus°¡ 2ÀÎ surface¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ »ý°¢ÇØº¸¸é, genus°¡ 2ÀÎ
surface´Â Torus¸¦ 2°³ connected sumÇØÁØ °ÍÀÌ¹Ç·Î ´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ
8°¢ÇüÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
\begin{center}
\begin{pspicture}(5,2)
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
% Torus%
\rput(1,1){\psellipse(0,0)(1,.7) }
% genus
\rput(1,1.2){\psarc(0,0.9){1}{240}{300}\psarc(0,-0.95){1}{70}{110}}%
\rput(1,.8){\psarc(0,0.9){1}{240}{300} \psarc(0,-0.95){1}{70}{110}}%
\rput(2.3,1){=}%
\SpecialCoor  %±ØÁÂÇ¥°è
\degrees[8] \rput(4,1){
\multido{\ni=0.5+1.0,\nj=1.5+1.0}{8} { \psline(1;\ni)(1;\nj)}
    \psline{-<}(1;0.5)(0.9238;1)
    \psline{-<}(1;1.5)(0.9238;2)
    \psline{->}(1;2.5)(0.9238;3)
    \psline{->}(1;3.5)(0.9238;4)
    \psline{-<}(1;4.5)(0.9238;5)
    \psline{-<}(1;5.5)(0.9238;6)
    \psline{->}(1;6.5)(0.9238;7)
    \psline{->}(1;7.5)(0.9238;8)
    \rput(1.1;1){$b$}
    \rput(1.1;2){$a$}
    \rput(1.2;3){$d^{-1}$}
    \rput(1.2;4){$c^{-1}$}
    \rput(1.1;5){$d$}
    \rput(1.1;6){$c$}
    \rput(1.2;7){$b^{-1}$}
    \rput(1.2;8){$a^{-1}$}
    \psline[linestyle=dashed](1;2.5)(1;6.5)
}
\end{pspicture}
\end{center}
¿À¸¥ÂÊ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ Á¡¼±À» µû¶ó ÀÚ¸£¸é °¢°¢Àº Torus¿¡ disk¸¦ ¶¼¾î³½
°Í°ú °°À½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (Á¡¼±ºÎºÐÀÌ disk°¡ µÈ´Ù.) µû¶ó¼­ À§ ±×¸²Àº
2°³ÀÇ Torus¿¡¼­ disk¸¦ ¶¼¾î³»°í disk³¢¸® ºÙÀÎ °ÍÀÌ¹Ç·Î(´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇØ
connected sum)
genus°¡ 2ÀÎ surface¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.\\
TorusÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î »ý°¢ÇØº¸¸é, ÀÌ surfaceÀÇ fundamental
groupÀº
\begin{displaymath}
<a,b,c,d~|~aba^{-1}b^{-1}cdc^{-1}d^{-1}>
\end{displaymath}
ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î genus°¡ $g$ÀÎ surface´Â $4g$°¢ÇüÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. À§¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î $U$, $V$¸¦ Àâ°í amalgamated productÇÏ¸é
\begin{displaymath}
\pi_1(\Sigma_g)=<a_1,b_1,\cdots,a_g,b_g~|~\prod^g_{i=1}[a_i,b_i]>
\end{displaymath}
ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (¿©±â¼­ $[a_i,b_i]=a_i b_ia_i^{-1}b_i^{-1}$ :
commutator of $a$ and $b$)\\

\newpage
(2) Non-orientable case\\
 Non-orientable surface $M$Àº
$M=N_k=\rb P^2\sharp\rb P^2\sharp\cdots\sharp\rb P^2$·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.\\
µû¶ó¼­, $M$Àº ´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ ´Ù°¢ÇüÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
\begin{center}
\begin{pspicture}(2,2)
%\psgrid[gridwidth=0.1pt,subgridwidth=0.1pt,gridcolor=red,subgridcolor=green]
\SpecialCoor  %±ØÁÂÇ¥°è
\degrees[6]
 \rput(1,1){
\multido{\ni=0.5+1.0,\nj=1.5+1.0,\i=1+1}{6} {
    \psline(1;\ni)(1;\nj)
    \psline{-<}(1;\ni)(0.866;\i)}
    \rput(1.05;1){$a_1$}
    \rput(1.05;2){$a_3$}
    \rput(1.05;3){$a_3$}
    \rput(1.05;4){$a_2$}
    \rput(1.05;5){$a_2$}
    \rput(1.05;6){$a_1$}
    \psline[linestyle=dashed](1;1.5)(1;5.5)
    \psline[linestyle=dashed](1;1.5)(1;3.5)
    \psline[linestyle=dashed](1;3.5)(1;5.5)
}
\end{pspicture}
\end{center}
À§ ±×¸²Àº $M=N_3$ÀÇ °æ¿ìÀÎµ¥ Á¡¼±À» µû¶ó ÀÚ¸£¸é °¡¿îµ¥ »ï°¢ÇüÀº
$S^2$¿¡¼­ disk¸¦ 3°³ ¶¼¾î³½ °Í°ú °°°í ³ª¸ÓÁö »ï°¢ÇüµéÀº $\rb
P^2$¿¡¼­ disk¸¦ ¶¼¾î³½ °Í°ú °°´Ù.(¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¡¼±ºÎºÐÀÌ disk°¡
µÈ´Ù.) µû¶ó¼­ À§ µµÇüÀº $\rb P^2$ 3°³¸¦ connected sumÇÑ °Í°ú °°´Ù.\\
orientable case¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î open set $U$,$V$¸¦ Àâ°í Fundamental
groupÀ» °è»êÇÏ¸é,
\begin{displaymath}
\pi_1(N_k)=<a_1,\cdots,a_k ~|~a_1^2a_2^2\cdots a_k^2 >
\end{displaymath}
ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Æ¯È÷ $k=1$ÀÌ¸é $\pi_1(\rb
P^2)=<a~|~a^2>=\zb/2$ÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 10.} $K$ : Klein Bottle \\
Since $K=\rb P^2\sharp\rb P^2=N_2$, We know $\pi_1(K)=<a,b~|~a^2
b^2>$.\\
But from $K=$%
\raisebox{-1cm}{ \psset{unit=1.5cm}
\begin{pspicture}(-0.25,-0.25)(1.25,1.25)
\pspolygon(0,0)(1,0)(1,1)(0,1)
    \psline{->}(0,0)(0,0.55)
    \psline{->}(0,0)(.55,0)
    \psline{->}(0,1)(.55,1)
    \psline{-<}(1,0)(1,0.55)
\rput(-.15,.5){$d$} \rput(1.15,.5){$d$} \rput(.5,1.15){$c$}
\rput(.5,-.15){$c$}
\end{pspicture}
}%
, we get $\pi_1(K)=<c,d~|~ cdc^{-1}d>$.\\
(1) Compare two presentations.\\
(2) Find $\pi_1(T^2)$ in $\pi_1(K)$ as a subgroup of index 2. \\
(3) Can you show $\pi_1(K)$ is non-abelian?\\

\newpage
4. $X=S^n$, $n\geq 2$ $\Longrightarrow \pi_1(S^n)=0$ \\
ºÏ¹Ý±¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open ballÀ» $U$, ³²¹Ý±¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open ballÀ»
$V$¶ó ÇÏ¸é $U$, $V$´Â ¸ðµÎ diskÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\pi_1(U)=\pi_1(V)=0$ÀÌ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌµéÀ» amalgamated productÇÏ¸é $\pi_1(S^n)=0$ÀÌ´Ù.(¿©±â¼­ $n\geq 2$ÀÌ¾î¾ß $U\bigcap V$°¡ path connectedÀÌ´Ù.)\\
¶ÇÇÑ $S^n$Àº $\rb P^n$ÀÇ double covering space¶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ
$\pi_1(\rb P^n)=\zb/2$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

ÀÌ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½ Á¤¸®¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.
\begin{thm}[Borsuk-Ulam]
\hfill\\
\textcolor{blue}{(1) There is no anti-pode preserving map $f:S^n \to S^1$. \\
(2) Let $f:S^n \to \rb^2$ $\Rightarrow$ $\exists x\in S^n$ such
that $f(x)=f(-x)$.}
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
(1) anti-pode preserving map $f$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½ diagramÀÌ
commuteÇÑ´Ù.\\
$\hspace*{5em}S^n\hspace{1em}\overset{f}{\longrightarrow}\hspace{1em}S^1$\\
$\hspace*{4.3em}q\downarrow\hspace{5em}\downarrow r$\\
$\hspace*{4.5em}\rb P^n\hspace{.7em}\overset{\bar{f}}{\longrightarrow}\hspace{1em}\rb P^1 =S^1$\\
ÀÌ ¶§, $q$¿Í $r$Àº quotient mapÀÌ¸ç $f$°¡ anti-pode
perservingÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\bar{f}$°¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù. \\
$\bar{f}_\sharp : \pi_1(\rb P^n) \to  \pi_1(\rb P^1)$À» »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é,
$\pi_1(\rb P^n)=\zb/2$ÀÌ°í $\pi_1(\rb P^1)=\zb$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\bar{f}_\sharp=0$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, $\rb P^n$ÀÇ loopÀÇ
$\bar{f}$-image´Â $\rb P^1$¿¡¼­ constant loop¿Í homotopicÇÑ loop°¡
µÇ°í ÀÌ loop¸¦ $S^1$À¸·Î ¿Ã¸®¸é constant loop¿Í homotopicÇÑ loop°¡
µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. \\
±×·±µ¥, $\pi_1(\rb P^n)=\zb/2$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\rb P^n$¿¡´Â constant loop¿Í
homotopicÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº loop°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, $S^n$¿¡¼­ $x_0$¿Í $-x_0$¸¦
¿¬°áÇÏ´Â path¸¦ project½ÃÅ² °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ºÁúÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ
pathÀÇ $f$-image´Â anti-pode preservingÀÌ¶ó´Â °¡Á¤¿¡¼­ $S^1$ÀÇ
loop°¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î diagramÀÌ commuteÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ anti-pode preserving map $f$´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. \\

(2) ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $x\in S^n$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $f(x)\neq f(-x)$ÀÌ¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. \\
$g:S^n \to S^1$À» $g(x)=\frac{f(x)-f(-x)}{|f(x)-f(-x)|}$·Î
Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é $g$´Â anti-pode preserving mapÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

5. $\pi_1(M^n\sharp N^n)=\pi_1(M^n)*\pi_1(N^n)$ if $n\geq 3$. \\
$M\setminus B^n$À» »ìÂ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open set $U$, $N\setminus B^n$À»
»ìÂ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â open set $V$¸¦ $\pi_1(U\bigcap
V)=\pi_1(S^{n-1})=0$ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.




\end{document}
