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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{IV.3 Some basic properties of $\pi_n$.}
\begin{thm}
$\pi_n(X\times Y, (x_0,y_0)) \cong \pi_n\x \times\pi_n(Y,y_0)$
\end{thm}
\begin{proof} Exactly same as $\pi_1$-case.\end{proof}
\begin{thm}
Let $p : \tx \to \x $ be a covering space. Then $p_* : \pi_n\tx
\to \pnx$ is an isomorphism for $n\geq 2$. \end{thm}
\begin{proof}
(1) $p_*$ is one to one :\\
$p_*[\alp]=0$ÀÌ¶ó¸é $p\circ \alp \sim x_0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, covering
homotopy property¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© $\alp \sim \xt_0$ÀÌ µÇ¾î
$[\alp]=0$ÀÌ´Ù. (Lifting property sectionÀÇ µû¸§Á¤¸® 5 ÂüÁ¶)
µû¶ó¼­ $p_*$´Â one to oneÀÌ´Ù. \\
(2) $p_*$ is onto :\\
ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $\alp :(S^n, e_1)\to \x$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $\pi_1(S^n)=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
($n\geq 2$), general lifting theoremÀÇ °¡Á¤À» ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­,
$\alp$ÀÇ lifting $\widetilde{\alp}:(S^n, e_1)\to \tx$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ¶§, $p_*[\widetilde{\alp}]=[\alp]$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $p_*$´Â ontoÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Examples.}\\
1. $\pi_n(S^1)=\pi_n(\rb)=0$.\\
$\rb$Àº contranctible spaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\pi_n(\rb)=0$ÀÌ°í, $\rb$´Â
$S^1$ÀÇ universal covering spaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î À§ÀÇ Á¤¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.\\

2. $\pi_n(T^2)=\pi_n(S^1\times S^1)=\pi_n(S^1)\times \pi_n(S^1)
=0$.\\

3. $\pi_n($Closed surface with genus $g\geq 1)=\pi_n(\triangle
)=0$ ($\triangle=$Open unit disk).\\
2.¿¡¼­ »ìÆìº» TorusÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Îµµ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. Torus´Â 4°¢ÇüÀÇ ¸¶ÁÖº¸´Â º¯À» ¼­·Î identifyÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾
¼ö ÀÖ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ identificationµéÀº °¢°¢ °¡·Î, ¼¼·Î ÆòÇà ÀÌµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
realizeµÇ°í, ÀÌ »ç°¢ÇüÀ» ÆòÇàÀÌµ¿ÇÏ¸é Æò¸éÀüÃ¼¸¦ tileÃ³·³ µ¤À» ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â ¼ÒÀ§ "tessellation"À» ÁÖ°ÔµÇ¾î, $\rb^2$´Â ÀÌ ÆòÇàÀÌµ¿µéÀ»
deck transformation groupÀ¸·Î °¡Áö´Â TorusÀÇ covering space°¡
µÈ´Ù.
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µû¶ó¼­, $\pi_n(T^2)=\pi_n(\rb^2)=0$ÀÓÀ» ´Ù½Ã È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \\
ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î genus°¡ $g$ÀÎ surface´Â $4g$°¢ÇüÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Âµ¥,
$g>1$ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ²ÀÁö°¢ÀÌ $\frac{2\pi}{4g}$°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¹Ç·Î ÀÌ
$4g$°¢ÇüÀ» ÆòÇàÀÌµ¿ÇÏ¿© Æò¸éÀÇ tessellationÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­,
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Poincar\'{e} disk¿¡¼­
»ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. \\
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Poincar\'{e} disk´Â Æò¸é»óÀÇ open disk¿¡ ¿ÞÂÊ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ø°ú
Á÷°¢À¸·Î ¸¸³ª´Â ¿øÈ£(¶Ç´Â Áß½ÉÀ» Åë°úÇÏ´Â Á÷¼±)°¡ ÃøÁö¼±ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï
metricÀ» ÁØ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, 8°¢Çü($g=2$)ÀÇ °æ¿ì¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé¸é ¿À¸¥ÂÊ
±×¸²°ú °°Àº
°î¼±ÀÌ Poincar\'{e} disk¿¡¼­ÀÇ 8°¢ÇüÀÌ µÈ´Ù. \\
ÀÌ ¶§, ¹Ù±ùÂÊ 8°¢Çü¿¡¼­ ²ÀÁö°¢Àº $0^\circ$ÀÌ°í, ¾ÈÂÊÀ¸·Î
Á¢±ÙÇÒ¼ö·Ï ÃøÁö¼±ÀÌ Æò¸é»óÀÇ Á÷¼±¿¡ °¡±î¿öÁö¹Ç·Î ²ÀÁö°¢ÀÌ
Æò¸é¿¡¼­¿Í °°Àº $135^\circ$¿¡ ¼ö·ÅÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ Áß°£¿¡
²ÀÁö°¢ÀÇ Å©±â°¡ $45^\circ$°¡ µÇ´Â 8°¢ÇüÀ» ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ 8°¢ÇüÀ»
"ÆòÇàÀÌµ¿"ÇÏ¸é 8°³ÀÇ ²ÀÁöÁ¡ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ÇÑÁ¡¿¡ ¸ðÀÌ¹Ç·Î Poincar\'{e}
disk¿¡ tessellationÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \\ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ $4g$°¢Çü¿¡
´ëÇØ¼­µµ ¸ðµÎ ÆòÇàÀÌµ¿À» ÅëÇÏ¿© Poincar\'{e} disk¿¡ tessellationÀ»
ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Poincar\'{e} disk´Â genus $g$ÀÎ surfaceÀÇ covering
space°¡ µÈ´Ù.
\\
±×·±µ¥, Poincar\'{e} disk ¿ª½Ã contractible spaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î
\begin{center}$\pi_n($Closed surface with genus $g\geq 1)=\pi_n(\triangle
)=0$\end{center}¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.\\
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ $\pi_1(X)=\Pi$, $\pi_n(X)=0, n\geq 2$°¡ µÇ´Â space¸¦
$K(\Pi,1)$-space¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. \\

\newpage
\begin{thm}
If $n\geq 2$, then $\pi_n\x$ is abelian.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Define
\[
\alpha \circ \beta (t_1, t_2,\cdots,t_n)=
\begin{cases}\alpha(t_1, 2t_2,\cdots,t_n)&\text{if $ 0\leq
t_2 \leq \frac{1}{2}$} \\
\beta(t_1,2t_2-1,\cdots,t_n)&\text{if $\frac{1}{2}\leq t_2 \leq
1$}
\end{cases}
\]
Áï, $\alp*\bet$´Â Ã¹¹øÂ° º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ºÙÀÎ °ÍÀÎµ¥
$\alp\circ\bet$´Â µÎ¹øÂ° º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ºÙÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¤ÀÇ·Î ºÎÅÍ
´ÙÀ½À» ¹Ù·Î ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (±×¸²¿¡¼­ °¡·ÎÃàÀº $I_1$, ¼¼·ÎÃàÀº $I_2$À»
³ªÅ¸³»¸ç $I_3,\cdots,I_n$Àº »ý·«µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.)

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µû¶ó¼­, $\pi_n\x$Àº abelianÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf \large $\Omega$-version} \\
À§ Á¤¸®¸¦ loop space $\Omega$¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Áõ¸íÇØ º¸ÀÚ.
\begin{defn} $(X, \mu, x_0)$ is an H-space if\\
\hspace*{2ex} (1) $\mu: X\times X \to X$ is continuous. Write
$\mu(x,y)=xy$.\\
\hspace*{2ex} (2)
%diagram ±×¸®±â
$%
\xymatrix @M=1ex @C=1.5cm @R=4ex @*[c] { %
X \ar[r]^{(id,x_0)} \ar[dr]_{id} & X\times X \ar[d]^\mu & X \ar[l]_{(x_0,id)} \ar[dl]^{id} \\
&X&} $ \raisebox{-.5cm}{\parbox{5cm}{commute up to homotopy
relative to $x_0$}}
\end{defn}

\bigskip
Áï, À§ÀÇ (2)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú µ¿Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù. \\
$L_{x_0}: X \to X$ defined by $L_{x_0}(x)=x_0x$ is homotopic to
$id$ (rel $x_0)$ and \\
$R_{x_0}: X \to X$ defined by $R_{x_0}(x)=xx_0$ is homotopic to
$id$ (rel $x_0)$.\\
H-spaceÀÇ ¿¹·Î´Â Topological group, loop space $\Ome$µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

\begin{thm}
$\Ome$ is an H-space.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
(1) Define $\mu:\Ome\times\Ome\to\Ome$ by
$\mu(\alp,\bet)=\alp*\bet$ \\[3mm]
{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 13.(1)}  Show
\parbox{5.5cm}{$(X,x)^{(I,1)} \times
(X,x)^{(I,0)}\to X^I\\
\hspace*{3em}(\alp, \ \bet)\hspace{1.5cm}\mapsto \alp\bet$} is
continuous.\\[3mm]
({\bf ¼÷Á¦ 13.(2)}´Â ¾Æ·¡¿¡) \\

(2) Show $L_{x_0} \simeq id$ (rel $x_0$) : (Similarly for
$R_{x_0}$)\\
$H: \Ome \times I \to \Ome$¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. \\
$H(\alp,s)=\alp_s$, $\alp_s(t):=\alp\circ F(s,t)$ where
\begin{center}
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\end{pspicture}
\end{center}
Áï, $F$´Â °¢ $s$-level¿¡¼­ ºø±ÝÄ£ ºÎºÐÀ» $0$À¸·Î ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐÀ»
linearÇÏ°Ô $I$·Î º¸³»ÁÖ´Â ÇÔ¼öÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $\alp_s$´Â $0\leq
t\leq\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}s$ÀÏ¶§ $x_0$¿¡
¸Ó¹°·¯ÀÖ´Ù°¡ $\alp$¸¦ °¡´Â curve°¡ µÈ´Ù. \\
ÀÌ ¶§, $H$°¡ $L_{x_0}$¿Í $id$ »çÀÌÀÇ homotopyÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\ ¸ÕÀú
$H_0=L_{x_0}$,$H_1=id$ÀÓÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù. \\
$G:\Ome\times I_s\times I_t\to X$¸¦ $G(\alp, s, t)=\alp(F(s,t))$·Î
ÀâÀ¸¸é $\widehat{G}=H$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $H$°¡ ¿¬¼ÓÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇÏ¼­´Â $G$°¡
¿¬¼ÓÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, $G$´Â
\begin{center}
$G:\Ome\times I_s\times I_t\overset{id\times F}{\longrightarrow}
\Ome\times I \overset{evaluation}{\longrightarrow} X$\\
$\hspace*{5em}(\alp,s,t)\longmapsto (\alp,F(s,t))\longmapsto
\alp(F(s,t))$
\end{center}
¿Í °°ÀÌ ¿¬¼ÓÇÔ¼öµéÀÇ ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ¹Ç·Î ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $L_{x_0} \simeq
id$.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
Suppose $(X,e)$ is an H-space. Then $\pi_1(X,e)$ is abelian.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 13.(2)} (Hint. Almost same as the case of topological
group.)
\end{proof}\\

ÀÌÁ¦ À§ÀÇ µÎ Á¤¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ µû¸§Á¤¸®¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.
\begin{cor}
If $n\geq 2$, $\pi_n\x$ is abelian.
\end{cor}

\end{document}
