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\begin{document}
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\section*{V.3 Simplicial approximation theorem}

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{\bf Barycentric subdivision}\\
Given $\sig =<a_0, \cdots, a_n>\subset \rb^N$, the
\emph{\textbf{barycenter}} $\widehat{\sig}$ of $\sig$ is defined
by
\[
\widehat{\sig}= \displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1} \sum^n_{i=0}} a_i.
\]
\vspace{1em}
\begin{defn}
Let $K$ be a simplicial complex in $\rb^N$, the
\emph{\textbf{baricentric subdivision}} of $K$, denoted by
$ sd K$, is defined inductively as follows\\
1. $L_0:=V(K)$.\\
2. Given $L_p$, $L_{p+1}$ is the simplicial complex determined by
$ \displaystyle{\bigcup_{\sig\in
K^{p+1}}}\{\widehat{\sig}*\partial\sig \}$\\
\hspace*{1em} where $\partial\sig$ is viewed as a subcomplex of
$L_p$. \\
3. $sdK=\bigcup L_p$.
\end{defn}

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\vspace{2em}
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\vspace{2em}
{\bf Note.} Abstractly,\\
1. $V(sdK)= \displaystyle{\bigcup_{\sig\in K}}\{\widehat{\sig}\}$\\
2. $sd K= \{<\widehat{\sig}_1,\cdots,\widehat{\sig}_p>  |
~\sig_1 <\cdots <\sig_p, p=1,2,\cdots, \sig_i\in K \}$,\\
\hspace*{1em} where $<$ denotes proper face. \\
3. $|sdK|=|K|$ as a topological space.

\begin{defn}
$K$ : a finite simplicial complex in $\rb^N$. \\
\hspace*{3.2em}$mesh(K) = max\{diam(\sig)~|~ \sig\in K\}$.
\end{defn}

\begin{thm}
\hfill\\
(1) $\sig$ : $n$-simplex in $\rb^N$ $\Rightarrow
mesh(sd\sig)\leq \frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sig)$.\\
(2) $K$ : $n$-dimensional finite simplicial complex in $\rb^N$\\
\hspace*{2em} $\Rightarrow mesh(sdK)\leq \frac{n}{n+1}mesh(K)$
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
(2)´Â (1)ÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú $\frac{x}{x+1}$ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÔ¼ö¶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Ù·Î
³ª¿À¹Ç·Î, (1)À» Áõ¸íÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ±â¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ ´ÙÀ½ Note¸¦
»ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.

{\bf Note.} 1. $\forall\,\, \sigma,\,\, \exists\,$ an edge $
e<\sigma ,$ such that $diam(\sigma)=length(e)$.

2.$\forall \,\,x\in\sigma,\,\,|~\hat{\sigma}-x|\leq
|~\hat{\sigma}-v|$ for some vertex $v$ of $\sigma$, and\\
$|~\hat{\sigma}-v_0|=|~v_0-\displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1}
\sum_{i=0}^n} v_i| = |~\displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1} \sum_{i=1}^n
(v_i-v_0)} | \leq \displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1} \sum_{i=1}^n
|~v_i-v_0|} $\\
\hspace*{3.8em}$ \leq \displaystyle{ \frac{n}{n+1}max |~v_i-v_0|}
$ $ \displaystyle{\leq\frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)
} $\\

ÀÌÁ¦ (1)ÀÇ Áõ¸íÀ» ÇÏÀÚ. $\forall\,\tau \in sd(\sigma)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\tau$ÀÇ ¸ðµç edge $e$´Â barycenter¿¡¼­ È¤Àº faceÀÇ barycenter¿¡¼­
³ª°¡¹Ç·Î Note 2¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $length(e)\leq \frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)$
ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Note 1¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$mesh(\tau)\leq\frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)$ ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{cor}

$mesh(sd^N K)\leq C(\frac{n}{n+1})^N$ and converge to $0$ as
$N\rightarrow \infty$.\\
\end{cor}


{\bf Note.} $g:K \rightarrow L$, a simplicial map \\
\hspace*{3em}$\Rightarrow g(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$, $\forall v
\in V(K)$.\\
\begin{proof} $x\in st(v)\Leftrightarrow t_v(x)>0$.\\
$g$°¡ simplicial mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î $t_{g(v)}(g(x))\geq t_v(x)$ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­
$x\in st(v)$ÀÌ¸é $ t_{g(v)}(g(x))>0$ÀÌ°í $g(x)\in st(g(v))$.
\end{proof}\\

\begin{prop}
Let $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ be a map and $g:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ be
a simplicial map. Then the followings are equivalent.

(1) $\forall\,x\in|K|$, $f(x)\in \overset{\circ}\tau \Rightarrow
g(x) \in \tau$.

(2) $\forall\,x\in|K|$, $f(x)\in \tau \Rightarrow g(x) \in \tau$.

(3) $v\in V(K),f(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$.
\end{prop}
\begin{defn}
Such simplicial map $g$ is called a \emph{\textbf{Simplicial
approximation}} of $f$.
\end{defn}

\begin{proof}
(2)$\Rightarrow $(1)Àº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù. \\
(1)$\Rightarrow$(3) $x\in st(v)$,$f(x)\in\overset{\circ}\tau$ ¶ó
³õÀÚ. °¡Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ $t_v(x)>0,\,\,g(x)\in\tau$ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¶§,
$t_{g(v)}(g(x))\geq t_v(x)>0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $g(x)\in st(g(v))$ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ $g(x)\in \tau$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, $g(v)$´Â $\tau$ÀÇ
vertexÀÌ°í, $\overset{\circ}\tau\subset st(g(v))$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$f(x)\in\overset{\circ}\tau\subset st(g(v))$.

(3)$\Rightarrow $(2) $x\in\overset{\circ}\sigma$ ÀÌ°í,
$f(x)\in\tau$¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ ¶§, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $v\in V(\sigma)$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ

$x\in st(v)$ÀÌ´Ù. $f(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$·ÎºÎÅÍ $ f(x)\in
st(g(v))$ ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ $g(v)$´Â $\tau$ÀÇ vertex°¡ µÈ´Ù. ÀÓÀÇÀÇ
$v\in V(\sigma)$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼º¸³ÇÏ¹Ç·Î, $g(\sigma)\subset \tau$ ÀÌ°í
$g(x)\in \tau$ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
Let $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ be a map which satisfies "star
condition", i.e.,

$\forall\,\,v\in V(K),\,\,\exists\,\,w\in V(L)$ such that
$f(st(v))\subset st(w)$. \\
Then there exists $g:K\rightarrow L$
which is a simplicial approximation of $f$.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
¸ðµç $v\in V(K)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ  $f(st(v))\subset st(w)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹«·±
$w$ ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿©  $g(v)=w$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. \\
ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ $g$°¡ simplicial mapÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ
$<v_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,v_k>$°¡ simplexÀÌ¸é,
$<g(v_0),\cdot\cdot\cdot,g(v_k)>$°¡ simplexÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. simplex
$\sigma=<v_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,v_k>$·Î ³õÀ¸¸é
$x\in\overset{\circ}\sigma$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í,
$x\in\displaystyle{\bigcap_{i=0}^k}st(v_i)$ÀÌ´Ù. \\ÀÌ ¶§, $f(x)\in
\displaystyle{f(\bigcap st(v_i))\subset \bigcap f(st(v_i))\subset
\bigcap st(w_i)}\,,\,w_i=g(v_i)$ÀÌ µÇ¾î ¸ðµç $i$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$t_{w_i}(f(x))>0$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$<w_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,w_k>=<g(v_0),\cdot\cdot\cdot,g(v_k))>$´Â
simplex¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.(interior point $f(x)$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î). µû¶ó¼­
$g$´Â simplicial mapÀÌ µÇ°í $f(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$ ¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÏ¹Ç·Î ¾ÕÀÇ ¸íÁ¦ 3ÀÇ (3)À» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿© $g$´Â $f$ÀÇ simplicial
approximationÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Remark.} $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$°¡ $K$ÀÇ subcomplex $M$¿¡¼­
ÀÌ¹Ì simplicial mapÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é À§ Á¤¸®ÀÇ Áõ¸í°úÁ¤¿¡¼­
$g$¸¦ ÀâÀ» ¶§, $M$¿¡¼­ÀÇ °ªÀº ±×´ë·Î ÁÖ°í (¾Õ Note¿¡¼­ simplicial
mapÀº star conditionÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¹Ç·Î ) ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐ¸¸ Á¤¸®ÀÇ Áõ¸íÃ³·³
ÇÏ¸é µÇ¹Ç·Î $g|_{|M|}=f|_{|M|}$ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï approximation $g$¸¦ ÀâÀ»
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

\begin{thm}[Simplicial approximation theorem]
\hfill\\
$K,L$ : finite simplicial complexes in $\rb^N$. \\
(1) Given a map $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$, $\exists N>0$ such that
$f$ has a simplicial approximation $g:sd^N K\rightarrow L$.\\
(2) If $g$ is a simplicial approximation of $f$, $f\simeq g$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
(1) $\mathcal{U}=\{f^{-1}(st(w))~|~w\in V(L)\}$Àº $|K|$ÀÇ open
coveringÀÌ µÈ´Ù. $K$°¡ finiteÀÌ¹Ç·Î $|K|$´Â compactÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­
open covering $\mathcal{U}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ Lebesgue number $\eps$ÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $mesh(sd^N K)<\frac{\eps}{2}$ ¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏµµ·Ï $N$À»
ÃæºÐÈ÷ Å©°Ô ÀâÀ¸¸é $sd^N K$ ¾ÈÀÇ °¢ starµéÀº diamÀÌ $\eps$º¸´Ù
ÀÛ°í µû¶ó¼­ ¾î¶² $U \in \mathcal{U}$¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é $f:|sd^N
K|\rightarrow |L|$Àº star conditionÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°í $|sd^N K|=|K|$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î Á¤¸® 4¿¡ ÀÇÇØ simplicial approximation $g$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.

(2) $f$¿Í $g$»çÀÌÀÇ  homotopy¸¦ $F:|K|\times I \rightarrow |L|$,
$F(x,t)=tf(x)+(1-t)g(x)$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú ¸íÁ¦ 3¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¢
$f(x)$¿Í $g(x)$´Â °°Àº simplex ¾È¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î $F$´Â Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ °¢ simplex $\sig$¿¡¼­ $f$¿Í $g$´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ¹Ç·Î $F$´Â
$|~\sig|\times I$¿¡¼­ ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. $K$°¡ finiteÀÌ¹Ç·Î $F$´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ $F$´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â homotopyÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\


{\bf Remark.} \\
1. Theorem 5 holds for arbitrary simplicial complexes $K$ and $L$,
and for a suitable subdivision (satisfying mesh condition in the
proof) $K'$ of $K$.\\
(Reference: Munkres, 16.5, 19.4, 20.5)\\
2. In general, The topology of $|K|\times I$ is coherent with the
subspaces\\ $\{|\sigma|\times I \,\,|\,\,\sigma \in K\}$. (see
Munkres, Elements of algebraic topology.) ({\bf ¼÷Á¦ 16.})



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