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\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{º¸Á¶Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{¸íÁ¦}
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\newtheorem{rem}{ÁÖ}
\newtheorem{note}{Note}
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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{VII.3 Homotopy invariance of homology}

Goal. $f\simeq g : X\to Y \Rightarrow f_* =g_* : H_p(X)\to
H_p(Y)$.
\begin{defn}[Chain homotopy]
Let $f, g : \cc\to\cc{}'$ be chain maps i.e.,\\ $ f=\{f_p : C_p\to
C_p' ~|~ f_{p-1}\bd_p=\bd_p {}'f_p\}$,  $ g=\{g_p : C_p\to
C_p' ~|~ g_{p-1}\bd_p=\bd_p {}'g_p\}$. \\
A \key{Chain homotopy} $D$ between $f$ and $g$ ($D:f\simeq g$) is
a collection of homomorphisms $\{D_p : C_p\to C_{p+1}{}'\}$ such
that $\bd_{p+1}{}'D_p +D_{p-1}\bd_p=f_p-g_p$. (simply denote by
$\bd D +D\bd=f-g$)
\end{defn}

\begin{thm}
If $f\simeq g : \cc\to\cc{}'$, then $f_* =g_* : H_p(\cc)\to
H_p(\cc{}')$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
$z\in Z_p(C) \Rightarrow \bd Dz =f(z)-g(z) \Rightarrow f(z)\sim g
(z)\Rightarrow f_*[z]=g_*[z]$
\end{proof}

Special case : $\cc=\cc{}',\ f=id,\ g=0$\\
Then a chain homotopy $D$ between $id$ and 0 is called a chain
contraction and if $\cc$ has a chain contraction, then $\cc$ is
said to be \key{chain contractible}. In this case, $\bd D+D\bd=1$.

\begin{thm}
If $\cc$ is a free chain complex, i.e., each $C_p$ is a free
abelian group,\\ then $\cc$ is acyclic $\Leftrightarrow$ $\cc$ is
chain contractible.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
$\Leftarrow$) by theorem 1, $id_*=0 \Rightarrow H_p(C)=0\ \forall
p$\\
$\Rightarrow$) Define $D_p$ inductively.\\
\[
\xymatrix @=2em @*[r] { %
\cdots \ar[r] & C_2 \ar[d]^{id} \ar[r] & C_1
\ar[d]^{id} \ar[r] \ar@{.>}[dl]^{\exists D_1}&
C_0 \ar[d]^{id} \ar[r] \ar@{.>}[dl]^{\exists D_0}& 0 \ar@{.>}[dl]^{0}&  \textrm{: free}\\
\cdots \ar[r] & C_2 \ar[r] & C_1 \ar[r] & C_0\ar[r] & 0 &
\textrm{: acyclic}}
\]\\[1mm]
±×¸²¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ 0¿¡¼­ $C_0$·Î °¡´Â zero homomorphismÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°í
±Í³³ÀûÀ¸·Î $D$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. \\
$C_p$°¡ freeÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $D$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ¼­´Â $C_p$ÀÇ
generator¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¸é¼­ $C_{p+1}$·Î °¡´Â ÇÔ¼ö°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù. Áï, °¢ generator $g$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $\bd
D(g)=g-D\bd(g)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $C_{p+1}$ÀÇ ¿ø¼Ò $D(g)$¸¦ ´ëÀÀ½ÃÅ°¸é
µÈ´Ù. (InductionÀÇ °¡Á¤¿¡¼­
¿ìº¯ÀÇ $D$´Â ÀÌ¹Ì Á¤ÀÇµÈ °ÍÀÌ°í ÁÂº¯ÀÇ $D$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.)\\
À§ diagram¿¡¼­ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ sequence°¡ exactÀÌ¹Ç·Î,
$\bd(g-D\bd(g))=0$ÀÌ¸é $\bd (h)=g-D\bd(g)$ÀÎ $h\in C_{p+1}$ÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í $D(g)=h$·Î
Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. \\
µû¶ó¼­, $\bd(1-D\bd)=0$ÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥,
\[\bd(1-D\bd)=\bd-\bd D\bd=
\bd-(1-D\bd)\bd=\bd-\bd+D\bd^2=0\]
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î Áõ¸íÀÌ ³¡³µ´Ù.
\end{proof}

{\bf Note. Comparison theorem in homological algebra}\\
(1) Existence of chain map lifting a given $k:\zb\to\zb$.
\[
\xymatrix @=2em @*[r] { %
\cc & \cdots \ar[r] & C_2 \ar@{.>}[d]^{\exists k_2} \ar[r]^{\bd} &
C_1 \ar@{.>}[d]^{\exists k_1} \ar[r]^{\bd} & C_0
\ar@{.>}[d]^{\exists k_0} \ar[r]^{\bd} &
\zb \ar[d]^{k} \ar[r]^{\bd} & 0 &  \textrm{: free}\\
\cc{}'& \cdots \ar[r] & C_2{}' \ar[r]^{\bd} & C_1{}' \ar[r]^{\bd}
& C_0{}' \ar[r]^{\bd} & \zb \ar[r]^{\bd} & 0 & \textrm{: acyclic}}
\]

$\bd k_{p+1}=k_p\bd$ÀÎ $k_p$µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌ·Á¸é Á¤¸® 2¿¡¼­¿Í
¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î $\bd k_p\bd=0$ÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. $\bd
k_p\bd=k_{p-1}\bd^2=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ±Í³³ÀûÀ¸·Î $k_p$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇØ ³ª°¥ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.\\

(2) Existence of chain homotopy between two liftings.
\[
\xymatrix @=2.5em @*[r] { %
\cc & \cdots \ar[r] & C_2 \ar[d]^<<<{k_2,k_2{}'} \ar[r] & C_1
\ar[d]^<<<{k_1,k_1{}'}  \ar[r] \ar@{.>}[dl]^{\exists D_1}&
C_0 \ar[d]^<<<{k_0,k_0{}'}  \ar[r] \ar@{.>}[dl]^{\exists D_0}& \zb \ar[r]\ar@{.>}[dl]^{0}\ar[d]^{k}& 0& \textrm{: free}\\
\cc{}'& \cdots \ar[r] & C_2 \ar[r] & C_1 \ar[r] & C_0\ar[r] & \zb
\ar[r] &0 & \textrm{: acyclic}}
\]
¸ÕÀú $D: \zb\to C_0$¸¦ $D=0$À¸·Î ÁÖ°í, $\bd D =k_p-k_p{}'-D\bd$°¡
µÇµµ·Ï $D$¸¦ ±Í³³ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇØ³ª°£´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¾Õ¼­¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î
$\bd(k_p-k_p{}'-D\bd)=0$ÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. \\
±×·±µ¥, $\bd(k_p-k_p{}'-D\bd)=\bd k_p-\bd k_p{}'-\bd
D\bd=k_p\bd-k_p{}'\bd-\bd D\bd=(k_p-k_p{}'-\bd
D)\bd=D\bd\bd=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î Áõ¸íÀÌ ³¡³µ´Ù.

\begin{lem}
$X$ is a star shaped subset of $\rb^n$ $\Rightarrow \td{H}(X)=0$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
We may assume $X$ is star shaped from the origin. Construct a
chain contraction $D$:
\[
\xymatrix @=2.5em @*[r] { %
\cdots \ar[r] & S_2 \ar[d]^{id} \ar[r]^{\bd} & S_1 \ar[d]^{id}
\ar[r]^{\bd} \ar@{.>}[dl]^{D_1}& S_0 \ar[d]^{id} \ar[r]^{\eps}
\ar@{.>}[dl]^{ D_0}
& \zb \ar[r] \ar@{.>}[dl]^{D_{-1}}\ar[d]^{id}& 0 \\
\cdots \ar[r] & S_2 \ar[r] & S_1 \ar[r] & S_0\ar[r] & \zb \ar[r]
&0 }
\]

%¸ÕÀú $D_{-1}$À» $D_{-1}(1)=$constant map to the originÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.
Define $D_{-1}(1)=$constant map to the origin. \\
Given $\sig:\triangle^p\to X$, define $D(\sig)\in S_{p+1}(X)$ by
$D(\sig)(se_0+(1-s)t)=(1-s)"\sig"(t)$, where $s\in I$ and
$t\in\langle e_1,\cdots, e_{p+1}\rangle$. (´Ù½Ã¸»ÇØ
$D(\sig)(e_0)=0$ and $D(\sig)\circ f^0_{p+1}=\sig$.

$p=0$ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â $D(\sig)^{(0)}=\sig$, $D(\sig)^{(1)}=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î,
$\bd D(\sig)=\sig-D_{-1}(1)=\sig-D_{-1}\eps(\sig)$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­,
$\bd D+D\eps=1$ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\

$p>0$ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â $D(\sig)^{(0)}=\sig$ÀÌ°í,
$D(\sig)^{(i+1)}=D(\sig^{(i)})$°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\
$(\because D(\sig)^{(i+1)}(e_1,\cdots,e_p)=D\sig
(e_1,\cdots,\hat{e}_{i+1},\cdots, e_{p+1})\\
\hspace*{3ex}
D(\sig^{(i)})(e_1,\cdots,e_p)=\sig^{(i)}(e_0,\cdots,e_{p-1})\\
\hspace*{5em} =\sig(e_0,\cdots,\hat{e}_{i},\cdots,e_p)
=D\sig(e_1,\cdots,\hat{e}_{i+1},\cdots, e_{p+1}))$\\
µû¶ó¼­
\[
\bd D\sig=\sum_{i=0}^p (-1)^{i+1}(D\sig)^{(i+1)} + D(\sig)^{(0)}
=\sum_{i=0}^p (-1)^{i+1}D(\sig^{(i)}) +\sig =-D(\bd\sig)+\sig
\]
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\bd D+ D\bd=1$ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{lem}
Let \raisebox{-1.4ex}{\parbox{3cm}{$i_0: X\to X\times I $ \\
\hspace*{3ex} $ x\mapsto (x,0)$ }} and
\raisebox{-1.4ex}{\parbox{3cm}{$i_1: X\to X\times I $ \\
\hspace*{3ex} $ x\mapsto (x,1)$ }}. \\

Then for any space $X$, $\forall p, \exists D_X : S_p(X)\to
S_{p+1}(X\times I)$ such that\\
(1) $\bd D +D\bd=i_{1\sharp}-i_{0\sharp}$\\
(2) $D_X$ is natural, i.e., $\forall f: X\to Y$, \\
\hspace*{2em}\parbox{5.5cm}{$
\xymatrix @=1.5em @*[r] { %
S_p(X) \ar[d]^{f_\sharp} \ar[r]^{D_X} & S_{p+1}(X\times I)
\ar[d]^{(f\times id)_\sharp}\\ S_p(Y) \ar[r]^{D_Y} &
S_{p+1}(Y\times I)}$ } commutes.
\end{lem}

\bigskip
¸¸¾à ÀÌ º¸Á¶Á¤¸®¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½ Á¤¸®°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.
\begin{thm}
$f\simeq g : X\to Y \Rightarrow f_* =g_* : H_*(X)\to H_*(Y)$
\end{thm}
{\bf Áõ¸í} There exist $F:X\times I \to Y$ such that $f=F\circ
i_0$ and
$g=F\circ i_1$. \\
By the above lemma, there exists $D:i_{0\sharp}\simeq
i_{1\sharp}$. Hence, $i_{0*}= i_{1*}:H(X)\to H(X\times I)$.
Therefore $f_*=(F\circ i_0)_*=F_*\circ i_{0*}=F_*\circ
i_{1*}=(F\circ i_1)_*=g_*$.\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}
\begin{cor}
$X\simeq Y\Rightarrow H_*(X)\cong H_*(Y)$
\end{cor}

\bigskip
µû¶ó¼­ º¸Á¶Á¤¸®¸¸ Áõ¸íÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. \\

\newpage
{\bf º¸Á¶Á¤¸®ÀÇ Áõ¸í} (Induction on $p$) \\
idea. ¸ÕÀú $D$¸¦ "model space" $\ssx$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°í, $D$ÀÇ
naturality¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $X$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $D_X$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.\\

¸ÕÀú $p=0$ÀÎ °æ¿ì $D: S_0(\ssx[0])\to S_1 (\ssx[0]\times I)$¸¦
Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. $\ssx[0]$Àº ÇÑ pointÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $S_0(\ssx[0])$´Â constant
map $\sig$·Î generateµÇ´Â free abelian groupÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­,
$D\sig$¸¦ obviousÇÑ 1-chainÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. Áï, $D\sig: \ssx[1]\to
\ssx[0]\times I$¿¡¼­ $\ssx[1]$¿Í $\ssx[0]\times I$´Â º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î
°°Àº spaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î $D\sig$´Â identity mapÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $\bd
D\sig=i_1\circ\sig-i_0\circ\sig=i_{1\sharp}(\sig)-i_{0\sharp}(\sig)$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. \\
$p=0$ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÓÀÇÀÇ space $X$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $D_X :
\sg{0}\to\sgi{1}$¸¦ ¹Ù·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Âµ¥, $\sig=x$(constant map),
$x\in X$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $D\sig$¸¦ $\ssx[1]$¿¡¼­ $\{x\}\times I$·Î °¡´Â
"identity map"À¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é À§ÀÇ Á¶°Ç (1),(2)¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÔÀ» ½±°Ô È®ÀÎ
ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

$p>0$ÀÎ °æ¿ì, $p-1$±îÁö (1),(2)¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $D_X$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í
°¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ.\\
$i=id: \ssx\to\ssx$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $\bd Di+D\bd
i=i_{1\sharp}(i)-i_{2\sharp}(i)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $Di\in
\sgi[\ssx]{p+1}$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.\\
$c=\ish(i)-\iosh(i)-D\bd i\in\sgi[\ssx]{p}$·Î µÎ°í, $c=\bd Di$°¡
µÇµµ·Ï $Di$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. $\ssx\times I$°¡ star shapedÀÌ¹Ç·Î
¾ÕÀÇ º¸Á¶Á¤¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© $\td{H}(\ssx\times I)=0$ÀÌ µÇ¾î
$\sgi[\ssx]{p}$ÀÇ augmented chainÀÌ acyclicÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Á¤¸® 2ÀÇ
Áõ¸í¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ $\bd c=0$¸¸ È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.\\
±×·±µ¥, inductionÀÇ °¡Á¤À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é
$$
\bd c=\ish(\bd i)-\iosh(\bd i)%=\bd\ish(i)-\bd\iosh(i)-\bd D\bd i
-(\ish(\bd i)-\iosh(\bd i)- D\bd(\bd i))=0
$$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $Di$°¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ $Di$¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÓÀÇÀÇ space $X$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$D_X:\sg{p}\to\sgi{p+1}$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. \\
ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $\sig\in\sgp$´Â $\sig:\ssx\to X$ÀÎ mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î,
$\sig_\sharp$Àº
$\raisebox{-1.4ex}{\parbox{4cm}{$\sig_\sharp: \sgp[\ssx]\to\sgp $ \\
\hspace*{9ex} $ i \mapsto \sig$ }}$ ÀÎ mapÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­,
$D_X\sig=(\sig\times id)_\sharp Di$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.\\

$\sg{p}$´Â $\sig$µé·Î generateµÇ´Â free abelian groupÀÌ¹Ç·Î,
$D_X$´Â well-definedÀÌ°í, ÀÌÁ¦ Á¶°Ç (1),(2)¸¸ È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é Áõ¸íÀÌ
³¡³­´Ù. \\

Check (1):\\
\[
\xymatrix @M=1ex @C=-5mm @R=3ex @*[c] { %
%µÚÀÇ À­ÁÙ
& \sg[\ssx]{p+1} \ar[rr]^{\bd} \ar[dl]_{\sig_\sharp}
\ar[dd]_<<<<{\iosh}^<<<<{\ish}
 & &
 \sg[\ssx]{p} \ar[rr]^{\bd}\ar[dl] \ar[dd] \ar@/_3ex/[lldd]_D
& &
\sg[\ssx]{p-1} \ar[dl]\ar[dd]\ar@/_4ex/[lldd]_D\\
%¾ÕÀÇ À­ÁÙ
\sg{p+1} \ar[rr]\ar[dd]_{\iosh, \ish} & & \sg{p} \ar[rr] \ar[dd]
\ar@/_3ex/[lldd]_{D_X} & &
\sg{p-1}\ar[dd] \ar@/_3ex/[lldd]_{D_X}& \\
%µÚÀÇ ¾Æ·¡ÁÙ
& \sgi[\ssx]{p+1} \ar[rr] \ar[dl]^<<{(\sig\times id)_\sharp}& &
\sgi[\ssx]{p}  \ar[rr] \ar[dl]& &
 \sgi[\ssx]{p-1} \ar[dl]\\
%¾ÕÀÇ ¾Æ·¡ÁÙ
\sgi{p+1} \ar[rr] & & \sgi{p} \ar[rr] & & \sgi{p-1} & }
\]

À§,¾Æ·¡, ¾Õ, µÚÀÇ »ç°¢ÇüµéÀº $\bd$¿Í $\sharp$ÀÌ commuteÇÑ´Ù´Â
»ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ commuteÇÏ°í, °¡¿îµ¥(¼¼·Î·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â) »ç°¢ÇüÀº spaceµé
°£ÀÇ mapÀÌ commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î functorial property·ÎºÎÅÍ commuteÇÑ´Ù.
($\iosh, \ish$ÀÇ naturality.) ¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÇ ºñ½ºµëÇÑ »ç°¢ÇüÀº
inductionÀÇ °¡Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ commuteÇÑ´Ù. ($D$ÀÇ naturality.) µû¶ó¼­,
$$
\bd D_X \sig=\bd(\sig\times id)_\sharp Di=(\sig\times
id)_\sharp\bd Di=(\sig\times
id)_\sharp(i_{1\sharp}(i)-i_{0\sharp}(i)-D\bd)
$$

ÀÌ ¶§, $\ish$ÀÇ naturality·ÎºÎÅÍ ($\iosh$ÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö)
$$
(\sig\times id)_\sharp i_{1\sharp}(i)
=\ish\sig_\sharp(i)=\ish(\sig)
$$
¶ÇÇÑ, $D$ÀÇ naturality·ÎºÎÅÍ
$$
(\sig\times id)_\sharp D(\bd i)= D_X \sig_\sharp(\bd
i)=D_X\bd\sig_\sharp(i)=D_X\bd\sig
$$
µû¶ó¼­, $\bd D_X=\ish-\iosh-D_X\bd$ÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

Check (2):\\
ÀÓÀÇÀÇ map $f:X\to Y$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½ diagramÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ.
\[
\xymatrix @M=1ex @C=1ex @R=3ex @*[c] { %
% À­ÁÙ
& \sg{p} \ar[rr]^{D_X} \ar[dd]_<<<<{f_\sharp} & & \sgi{p+1} \ar[dd]^{(f\times id)_\sharp}\\
% °¡¿îµ« ÁÙ
\sg[\ssx]{p} \ar[rr]^D \ar[ur]^{\sig_\sharp}
\ar[dr]_{(f\circ\sig)_\sharp} & &
\sgi[\ssx]{p+1} \ar[ur]^{(\sig\times id)_\sharp} \ar[dr]_{(f\circ\sig\times id)_\sharp}& \\
% ¾Æ·¡ÁÙ
& \sg[Y]{p} \ar[rr] & & \sgi[Y]{p+1} }
\]
¾çÂÊÀÇ »ï°¢ÇüÀº functorial property¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© commuteÇÏ°í, $i\in
\sg[\ssx]{p}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $D_X$ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À§ÀÇ »ç°¢ÇüÀÌ, $D_Y$ÀÇ
Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ »ç°¢ÇüÀÌ commuteÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, µÚÂÊ »ç°¢ÇüÀÌ
commuteÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \hfill\framebox[2mm]{}\\

\textbf{Review of the proof of 2.}\\
Need \\
(i) $\{ S(\bigtriangleup^p \times I),\partial,\epsilon\}$ is
acyclic.(to define $D$ for model space, $\bigtriangleup^p$ and
$i\in
S_p(\bigtriangleup^p))$\\
(ii) $\{ \sigma_{\sharp} i|\sigma : \bigtriangleup^p \rightarrow
X\}$
form a basis for $S_p(X)$.(to define $D_X$ for $\forall X$)\\
(iii) $i_{0\sharp} $ and $i_{1\sharp}$ are natural. (to check
(1))\\
$\Rightarrow$with functorial properties,\\
$\hspace*{1em}\exists$chain homotopy $D:i_0 \simeq i_1$ s.t. naturality of $D$ holds.\\

\textbf{Note.} \\
$\mathcal{T}$= the category of topological spaces.\\
$\mathcal{S}$= the category of chain complexes.(with
augmentation)\\
$ S : \mathcal{T}\longrightarrow\mathcal{S}$ is a
functor.\\
$\hspace*{1.4em} X\mapsto S(X)$\\
$ S' : \mathcal{T}\longrightarrow\mathcal{S}$ is a
functor.\\
$\hspace*{1.4em} X\mapsto S(X\times I)$\\
$i_{0\sharp}$ and $i_{1\sharp}$ are natural transformations : $S\rightarrow S'$, i.e.,\\
$\hspace*{1em} S : S(X)
\hspace{1.5em}\overset{f_{\sharp}}{\longrightarrow}\hspace{1.5em}
S(Y)$\\
$\hspace*{0em} i_{0\sharp}\downarrow \hspace{1.5em}\downarrow
i_{0\sharp}^X\hspace{2em}
\curvearrowright\hspace{2em}\downarrow i_{0\sharp}^Y$\\
$\hspace*{1em} S' : S(X\times I) \overset{(f\times
id)_{\sharp}}{\longrightarrow} S(Y\times I)$

\begin{defn} $\mathcal{T}$= the category of chain complexes , $\mathcal{S}$= the category of
(augmented) chain complexes and chain maps. Let $\mathcal{M}\subset Ob(\mathcal{T})$ (called models).\\
Let $S:\mathcal{T}\rightarrow \mathcal{S}$ be a functor from
$\mathcal{T}$ to $\mathcal{S}$.\\
(1) $S$ is acyclic relative to $\mathcal{M}$ if $S(M)$ is acyclic
$\forall
M\in \mathcal{M}$.\\
(2) $S$ is free relative to $\mathcal{M}$ if $\forall p\geq 0,
\exists J_p$ and $\exists$ an indexed family of
$\{M_{\alp}\}_{\alp \in J_p}, M_{\alp}\in \mathcal{M}$ and
$\exists$ an indexed family of $\{i_{\alp}\}_{\alp \in J_p},
i_{\alp}\in S_p(M_{\alp})$ s.t. $\{S(\sigma)i_{\alp} | \alp\in
J_p, \sigma\in hom(M_{\alp} , X)\}$ is a basis for
$S_p(X)$.\end{defn}

\begin{thm}\textbf{Acyclic Model Theorem}\\
Let $S, S' :\mathcal{T}\rightarrow\mathcal{S}$ be functors and
$\mathcal{M}\subset Ob(\mathcal{T}).\\ S$ : free relative to
$\mathcal{M}$ and $S':$
acyclic relative to $\mathcal{M}$.\\
$\Rightarrow$(a) $\exists $ a natural transformation : $\tau
:S\rightarrow S'$ as a lifting of a given $\tau_0:S_0\rightarrow
S'_0$.(or
$k:\mathbb{Z}\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}$ for augmented case)\\
(b) Given two such natural transformations
$\tau_0,\tau_1:S\rightarrow S', \exists$ a natural chain homotopy
$D:\tau_0\simeq\tau_1$.\end{thm}
\begin{proof}(a) Use induction.\\
1st, define $\tau_p$ for $i_{\alp}\in S_p (M_{\alp})$:\\
\[
\xymatrix @M=1ex @C=2em @R=2em @*[c] { %
\cdots \ar[r] & S_p(M_{\alp}) \ar@{.>}[d]^{\tau_p} \ar[r]^{\bd} &
S_{p-1}(M_{\alp}) \ar[d]^{\tau_{p-1}} \ar[r]^{\partial} &\cdots& \\
\cdots \ar[r] & S'_p(M_{\alp}) \ar[r]^{\partial} &
S'_{p-1}(M_{\alp}) \ar[r]^{\partial} &\cdots& }
\]\\[1mm]
$S'$ÀÌ acyclicÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\tau_p$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌ·Á¸é $\bd\tau_{p-1}
\bd$=0ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ induction °¡Á¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $\bd\tau_{p-1}\bd = \tau_{p-2}\bd\bd=0$.\\

2nd on X : Use Naturality.
\[
\xymatrix @M=1ex @C=1ex @R=3ex @*[c] { %
% À­ÁÙ
& i_{\alp}\in S_p(M_{\alp}) \ar[dl]^{S_p(\sig)} \ar[rr]^{\bd}
\ar[dd] & & S_{p-1}(M_{\alp})
\ar[dl] \ar[dd]^{\tau_{p-1}}\\
% °¡¿îµ« ÁÙ1
S(\sigma)i_{\alp}\in \sg{p} \ar[rr]  \ar@{.>}[dd]_{\tau_p} & & \sg{p-1}  \ar[dd]& \\
% °¡¿îµ« ÁÙ 2
& S'_p(M_{\alp}) \ar[dl] \ar[rr] & & S'_{p-1}(M_{\alp})
\ar[dl] \\
% ¾Æ·¡ÁÙ
S'_{p}(X) \ar[rr] & & S'_{p-1}(X)& }
\]
$S(\sigma)i_{\alp}$µéÀÌ $S_p(X)$ÀÇ basis¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¹Ç·Î\\
Define $\tau_p$ for $S(\sigma)i_{\alp}$ : À§ diagram box¿¡¼­
$i_{\alp}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ÀÌ¹Ì $\tau_p$°¡ Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿ÞÂÊ ¸éÀÌ
commuteÇÏµµ·Ï $\tau_p$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¾Õ¸éÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ¸ðµç ¸éÀÌ
commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î ¾Õ¸éµµ commute.\\
$\therefore \tau_p$ is a chain map, $\forall X$.\\

$\tau_p$ is natural: $f :X\rightarrow Y$ÀÏ ¶§,
\[
\xymatrix @M=1ex @C=1ex @R=3ex @*[c]{ %
%À­ÁÙ
& S_p (M_{\alp}) \ar[dl]^{S_p(\sig)} \ar[dd]^>>>>>{\tau} \ar[dr]^{S_p(f\circ\sig)} &\\
S_p(X) \ar[rr]^>>>>{S_p(f)} \ar[dd]^{\tau_X} && S_p(Y) \ar[dd]^{\tau_Y}\\
& S'_p (M_{\alp}) \ar[dl] \ar[dr] &\\
S'_p (X) \ar[rr] && S'_p (Y) }
\]
ÀÌ ¼¼·Î ±âµÕ¿¡¼­ $i_{\alp}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§¿¡¼­ $\tau_p$ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í
$S_p$ÀÇ functorial property¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Õ¸é¸¸ »©°í ´Ù commute.\\
$\therefore S(\sigma)i_{\alp}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Õ¸éµµ commute.\\

(b) exactly same as before. (\textbf{¼÷Á¦ 22.})\end{proof}

\begin{defn} A chain map $\tau :\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{C'}$
is a chain homotopy equivalence if $\exists$ a chain map $\tau'
:\mathcal{C'}\rightarrow\mathcal{C}$ s.t. $\tau\tau' \simeq
id_{\mathcal{C'}}$ and $\tau'\tau\simeq
id_{\mathcal{C}}$.\end{defn}

\textbf{Note.} $\tau :\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{C'}:$ chain
homopoty equivalence. $\Rightarrow \tau_* : H_* (\mathcal{C})
\cong H_*(\mathcal{C'}).$

\begin{cor} $S , S':\mathcal{T}\rightarrow\mathcal{S}, \mathcal{T}$
with models $\mathcal{M}$ and $S , S'$: both free and acyclic
relative to $\mathcal{M}$. $\Rightarrow \exists$ a natural chain
map $\tau : S \rightarrow S'$ and any natural chain map is a
natural chain homotopy equivalence.\end{cor}
\begin{proof} AMT. (a) $\Rightarrow$ natural chain map $\tau$
exists and also $\exists\tau' : S'\rightarrow S$. Now $\tau\tau'
:S'\rightarrow S'$\\
AMT (b) $\Rightarrow \tau\tau' \simeq id_{S'},$ similarly
$\tau'\tau \simeq
id_{S}$\end{proof}\\

\textbf{An application. (Equivalence of homologies)}\\
If $K$ is a simplicial complex, then we have\\
$\mathcal{C}(K)\rightsquigarrow H(K) = $ simplicial homology\\
$\bigtriangleup(K)\rightsquigarrow H_{\bigtriangleup}(K) =$
ordered
simplicial homology\\
$S(|K|)\rightsquigarrow H(|K|)$= singular homology for $|K|$

\begin{lem} $K$: a simplicial complex, $w$: a vertex (as a
simplicial complex) not in $K .\Rightarrow
\{C(w*K),\partial,\epsilon\}$ and
$\{\bigtriangleup(w*K),\partial,\epsilon\}$ are acyclic.\end{lem}
\begin{proof} Construct a chain contraction:\\
\[
\xymatrix @=2em @*[r] { %
\cdots \ar[r] & \bigtriangleup_1 \ar[dl]^{D_1} \ar[d]^{id} \ar[r]
& \bigtriangleup_0 \ar[dl]^{D_0} \ar[d]^{id} \ar[r]^{\epsilon} & \mathbb{Z} \ar[dl]^{D_{-1}} \ar[d]^{id}\\
\cdots \ar[r] & \bigtriangleup_1 \ar[r] & \bigtriangleup_0 \ar[r]
& \mathbb{Z}}
\]\\[1mm]

Let $D_{-1}(1) : = w$.Then $\epsilon (w) = 1$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î OK.\\

Define $D(v_0 , \cdots, v_p ) = (w, v_0 , \cdots, v_p )$ : join
operator.\\
Then $(\bd D + D\bd )(v_0 , \cdots , v_p )\\ \hspace*{2.5em} =
\bd(w, v_0 , \cdots , v_p ) + D (\Sigma (-1)^i (v_0 , \cdots ,
\hat{v_i},
\cdots, v_p))\\
\hspace*{2.5em} = \Sigma (-1)^{j+1} (w , \cdots, \hat{v_j},
\cdots, v_p ) + (v_0 , \cdots , v_p ) + \Sigma (-1)^i (w ,
\cdots, \hat{v_i} ,\cdots, v_p )\\
\hspace*{2.5em} = (v_0 , \cdots, v_p ).$\\

Similarly for $\{\mathcal{C}(w*K),\bd,\epsilon\}$.\end{proof}

\begin{cor}(1) $\forall\sigma\in K ,\hspace{1em} \tilde{H}(\sigma) =
\tilde{H}_{\bigtriangleup}(\sigma) =0 $ \\
(i.e. $\{\mathcal{C},\partial,\epsilon\}$ and
$\{\bigtriangleup,\partial, \epsilon\}$ are acyclic w.r.t.
$\sigma$.)\\
(2) The chain map $\mu
:\bigtriangleup(K)\rightarrow\mathcal{C}(K)$ is a natural homotopy
equivalence.\\
$\hspace*{8em}(v_0,\cdots,v_p )\mapsto [v_0,\cdots,v_p]$\end{cor}
\begin{proof}(1) º¸Á¶Á¤¸®9·ÎºÎÅÍ clear. \\
(2) $\bigtriangleup , \mathcal{C} :\mathcal{C}(K)
\rightarrow\mathcal{S}$ are free and acyclic functors relative to
models $\mathcal{M} = \{\sigma |\sigma \in K\}$, where
$\mathcal{C}(K)$ is a category of subcomplexes of $K$ with
inclusion as morphism. Since $\mu :\bigtriangleup \rightarrow C$
is a natural chain map, it it a
chain homotopy equivalence by the previous cor.(µû¸§Á¤¸® 8)\end{proof}\\



\end{document}
