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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
\section*{Homotopy invariance(general version)}
\begin{thm}
If $f \simeq g : X\rightarrow Y$, then the following diagram

$\hspace{11em}\,\,\,f_{\sharp}$

$ \hspace{7em}\pi_1(X,x_0)\rightarrow \pi_1(Y,f(x_0))$

$\hspace{9em}g_{\sharp}\searrow \hspace{3em}\downarrow \phi_{\rho}
\hspace{4em}commutes$,

$\hspace{13em}\pi_1(Y,g(x_0))$

where  $\rho(t):=F(x_0,t)$ and F is a homotopy between
 f and g.
\end{thm}
\begin{figure}[htb]

\centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.4,clip=true]{homo4.eps}}

\end{figure}

\begin{proof}
$\phi_{\rho}\circ f_{\sharp} = g_{\sharp}$ ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\ Áï,
$\rho^{-1}*(f \circ \alpha)*\rho\,\, \sim\,\, g \circ \alpha $ ¸¦
ÁÖ´Â homotopy ¸¦ Ã£À¸¸é µÈ´Ù.\\

\begin{figure}[htb]

\centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.4,clip=true]{homo5.eps}}

\end{figure}


¿ÞÂÊ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ ¿øÇÏ´Â boundary condition À» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â homotopy G ¸¸
Ã£À¸¸é µÇ¹Ç·Î ¸ÕÀú ±×¸² 1ÀÇ boundary¸¦ ±×¸² 2ÀÇ boundary¿¡ ¸Â°Ô
shrink½ÃÅ°´Â boundary»çÀÌÀÇ mapÀ» $I \times I$·Î extend½ÃÅ°¸é
µÈ´Ù. Áï ¿øÇÏ´Â homotopy ÀÇ
 Á¸Àç¼ºÀº ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î map $\phi:\partial D^2 \rightarrow \partial D^2$ ¸¦
 $\overline{\phi}: D^2\rightarrow D^2$·Î extend½ÃÅ³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ
Áõ¸íµÈ´Ù. (¿¹¸¦ µé¾î radial extensionÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.) µû¶ó¼­

\newpage

$\hspace{3em}\alpha \times id\hspace{5em}F$

$I \times I\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \rightarrow\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, X \times I
\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\rightarrow Y$ ¿¡  ´ëÇØ  $F\circ(\alpha \times
id)\circ \overline{\phi}$  °¡  ¿øÇÏ´Â homotopy¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.


\end{proof}
\begin{thm}\textit{
X,Y are path connected. X$\simeq$Y $\Rightarrow \pi_1(X) \cong
\pi_1(Y)$.\\ More precisely, $\,\,$  if $\,\,$  f : $X\rightarrow
Y $ is a homotopy equivalence, then \\
$f_{\sharp}:\pi_1(X,x_0)\rightarrow \pi_1(Y,f(x_0))$ is an
isomorphism.}\\
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Let $g$ be a homotopy inverse of $f$ : X $\rightarrow $ Y $,\,$
i.e., $g
\circ f \simeq id_{X} $\,\,$ and $\,\,$ f \circ g \simeq id_{Y}$.\\

\begin{figure}[htb]

\centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.4,clip=true]{homo6.eps}}

\end{figure}


$id_X \simeq g \circ f$ »çÀÌÀÇ homotopy µ¿¾ÈÀÇ $x_0$ÀÇ path¸¦
$\rho$ ¶ó µÎÀÚ.

±×·¯¸é ¾ÕÀÇ Á¤¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ÙÀ½ diagram,

$\hspace{11em}\,\,\,(g \circ f)_{\sharp}$

$ \hspace{7em}\pi_1(X,x_0)\hspace{1em}\rightarrow
\hspace{1em}\pi_1(X,(g \circ f)(x_0))$

$\hspace{9em}id_{\sharp}\searrow \hspace{4em}\uparrow \phi_{\rho}
 $\\

$\hspace{14em}\pi_1(X,x_0)$\\


ÀÌ commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î $\phi_{\rho} \circ id_{\sharp}=(g\circ
f)_{\sharp} : \pi_1(X,x_0)\rightarrow \pi_1(X,(g \circ f)(x_0))$.
µû¶ó¼­ $\phi_{\rho}=g_{\sharp}\circ f_{\sharp}$ ÀÌ°í
$\phi_{\rho}$´Â isomorphism Áï onto ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$g_{\sharp}:\pi_1(Y,f(x_0)) \rightarrow \pi_1(X, (g \circ
f)(x_0))$ ¿ª½Ã onto ÀÌ´Ù. (¿©±â¼­ $f_{\sharp}:\pi_1(X, x_0)
\rightarrow \pi_1(Y, f(x_0)).$)

ÀÌ¹ø¿¡´Â $g \circ f$ ´ë½Å¿¡ $f \circ g$ ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÇÏ¸é
$\phi_{\sigma} = f_{\sharp}\circ g_{\sharp}$ ¿ª½Ã isomorphism Áï
1-1 ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $g_{\sharp}:\pi_1(Y,f(x_0) \rightarrow \pi_1(X, (g
\circ f)(x_0))$Àº 1-1ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. (¿©±â¼­ÀÇ $f_{\sharp}$Àº
$f_{\sharp}:\pi_1(X, g \circ f(x_0)) \rightarrow \pi_1(Y, f(g
\circ f(x_0)))$ÀÌ µÇ¾î À§ ¹®´ÜÀÇ $f_{\sharp}$°ú´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù.) µû¶ó¼­
$g_{\sharp}$ Àº isomorphismÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ À§ ¹®´Ü¿¡¼­ÀÇ
$f_{\sharp}:\pi_1(X, x_0) \rightarrow \pi_1(Y, f(x_0))$ Àº
isomorphism ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

\end{proof}

\end{document}
