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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Examples and review of implicit function theorem.}

{\bf 1. $\rb^n$.}

$\{(\rb^n,id)\}$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é, ÀÌ´Â atlas°¡ µÇ°í ÀÌ ¶§ ÀÌ°ÍÀ»
standard structure¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Âü°í·Î, n=4ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¸ðµç $\rb^n$¿¡
´ëÇØ¼­´Â standard structure ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ structure(exotic structure)°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. n=4ÀÇ °æ¿ì ¹«¼öÈ÷ ¸¹Àº exotic
structure¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.\\

{\bf 2.  $\mathbb{S}^n$} :
¼¼ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î  »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.\\


(1)
\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.6,clip=true]{grp6.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 6\\


$\sbb^n$¿¡¼­  ºÏ±Ø $p_{+}$¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö $U_+$¿Í $p_{-}$¸¦
Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö $U_-$  µÎ°³ÀÇ  open setÀ» »ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ. ±×¸®°í °¢°¢ÀÇ
open set¿¡¼­ stereographic projectionÀ» ±¸ÇØº¸ÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú
$\mathbb{S}^n \backslash \{p_{+}\}$ À§¿¡¼­ stereographic
projection $\phi_{+}$ ¸¦ ±¸ÇØº¸¸é

$\phi_+ : \sbb^n \backslash \{p_+\} \rightarrow
\rb^n\hspace{0.5em},\hspace{0.5em}$ $(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot
,x_{n+1})\mapsto y=\frac{1}{1-x_{n+1}}(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot
,x_n)$ÀÌ°í ¶ÇÇÑ

$\phi_- : \sbb^n \backslash \{p_-\} \rightarrow
\rb^n\hspace{0.5em},\hspace{0.5em}$ $(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot
,x_{n+1})\mapsto y=\frac{1}{1+x_{n+1}}(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot ,x_n)$
ÀÌ´Ù.


ÀÌ ¶§, µÎ °³ÀÇ chart°¡ $\cc^k$-related ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±âÀ§ÇØ
$\phi_{+}^{-1}$À» ±¸ÇØº¸¸é

 $\phi_+^{-1} : \rb^n \backslash \{0\} \rightarrow
\sbb^n\backslash \{p_+\}\hspace{0.5em},\hspace{0.5em}$
$(y_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot ,y_{n})\mapsto
y=\frac{2}{1+|y|^2}(y_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot ,y_n,\frac{|y|^2-1}{2})$

ÀÌ¹Ç·Î µû¶ó¼­ $(\phi_- \circ \phi_+^{-1}) (y)=\frac{y}{|y|^2}$
ÀÌ´Ù. $\phi_- \circ \phi_+^{-1} $ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ¿ª¿¡¼­ 0´Â ºüÁö¹Ç·Î ÀÌ´Â
smooth mapÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ $\cc^k$-related ÀÓÀ» º¸¿´´Ù.(»ç½ÇÀº
conformal, real analytic ±îÁöµµ
¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù)\\

$\vspace{2em}$

(2)
\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.4,clip=true]{grp7.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 7\\




$U_1,U_2$¸¦ $\sbb^1$ÀÇ À­ºÎºÐ°ú ¾Æ·§ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î µÎ°í $U_3,U_4$¸¦
¿ÞÂÊ, ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î µÐ ´ÙÀ½ °¢°¢ projection mapÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ¼­ ÀÌ¸¦
$\phi_i,i=1,2,3,4$·Î µÎÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é ÀÌ ¶§
$\{(U_i,\phi_i)\,|\,i=1,2,3,4\}$´Â atlas°¡ µÊÀ» º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦1.} (1)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ generatedµÈ maximal atlas $\mathcal{F}$¿Í
(2)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
generatedµÈ maximal atlas $\mathcal{F}$°¡ °°À½À» º¸¿©¶ó. (´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇØ (1)°ú  (2)´Â $\sbb^n$»ó¿¡
 °°Àº smooth structure¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.)\\

(3) $\sbb^n=\{x\in \rb^{n+1}\,|\,f(x)=|x|^2-1=0\}$ À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ°í ÀÌ´Â smooth structure¸¦ °¡ÁüÀ» ´ÙÀ½ Á¤¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.\\

\begin{prop}
Let $f:\rb^n\rightarrow \rb$ be a $\cc^\infty$-map,
$M=f^{-1}(0)=\{p\in \rb^n\,|\,f(p)=0\}$(ÀÌ·± °ÍÀ» hypersurface¶ó
ºÎ¸¥´Ù.) Assume $M\neq\emptyset,\nabla f=grad\,\,f$ is nonsingular
on $M$. Then M is a $\cc^\infty$-manifold.

\end{prop}

Áï À§ ¸íÁ¦¿¡ µû¸¥´Ù¸é $f(x)=|x|^2-1=x_1^2+x_2^2+\cdot\cdot
+x_{n+1}^2-1$, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_i}(x)=2x_i$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\nabla f=2(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,x_{n+1})\neq 0$ ÀÌ µÇ¾î MÀº smooth
structure¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

À§ ¸íÁ¦ÀÇ Áõ¸íÀ» À§ÇØ¼­ Inverse function theorem, Implicit
function
theoremÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.\\

\begin{thm}
(Inverse function theorem)

Let $U\subset\rb^n$ be an open subset, $f:U\rightarrow \rb^n$ be a
$\cc^k$-map, $1\leq k \leq \omega$. If the Jacobian matrix
$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}=(\frac{\partial f_i}{\partial
x_j})$ is nonsingular at $p\in U$, then $f$ is a local
diffeomorphism at $p$, i.e.,

$\exists\,V$ , a neighborhood of $p$ such that $f|_V:V\rightarrow
f(V) $ is a $\cc^k$-homeomorphism and $f|_V^{-1}$ is also $\cc^k$.


\end{thm}
(Áõ¸í) Munkres : Analysis on Manifold ÂüÁ¶.\\
À§ Á¤¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ Implicit function theoremÀ» ÀÌ²ø¾î ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\
\begin{thm}
(Implicit function theorem)

Let $U\subset\rb^n \times \rb^m$ be open, $f:U\rightarrow \rb^m$
be a $\cc^k$-map ($1\leq k \leq \omega$), $p=(a,b)\in U$. If
$f(p)=0$ and the $m\times m$ matrix $\frac{\partial f}{\partial
y}(p)$ is nonsingular, then $f(x,y)=0$ can be solved locally for
$y=g(x)$, i.e., $\exists V\subset\rb^n$,a neighborhood of $a$ and
$W\subset\rb^m$ of b with $V\times W\subset U$ and $\exists
\cc^k$-map $g:V\rightarrow W$, such that $f(x,y)=0\Leftrightarrow
y=g(x),\forall (x,y)\in V\times W.$
\end{thm}
(sketch of proof)


\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.5,clip=true]{grp8.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 8\\





 $(x,y)\in\rb^{n+m}$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
 $F:U\subset\rb^{n+m}\rightarrow\rb^{n+m}$, $(x,y)\mapsto(x,f(x,y))
$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ ¶§ FÀÇ Jacobian matrix¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é




\[ DF= \left[
         \begin{array}{rr}
                              I &  0 \\
\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} &\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}
          \end{array} \right], \]

ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ det DF$=det\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\neq 0$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
Inverse function theoremÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. Áï $ G=F^{-1}$ °¡
Á¸ÀçÇØ¼­ $G(x,z)=(x,h(x,z))$ ·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ÀÌ ¶§
$g(x):=h(x,0)$ °¡ ¹Ù·Î ¿øÇÏ´Â explicit
functionÀÌ µÈ´Ù. $\hspace{7em}\Box$\\

ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸íÁ¦1À» Áõ¸íÇØº¸ÀÚ.

(¸íÁ¦ 1ÀÇ Áõ¸í) $\forall\,p\in M, \nabla f(p)\neq 0$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_n}(p)\neq 0$ ÀÌ¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇØµµ
ÀÏ¹Ý¼ºÀ» ÀÒÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Implicit function theorem¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$f(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot ,x_n)=0$Àº Àû´çÇÑ $p$ÀÇ ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­
$x_n=g(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,x_{n-1})$, $g\in \cc^{\infty}$ À¸·Î Ç®
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¶§ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÔ¼ö $G$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.


$\hspace{2em}G:V\rightarrow\rb^n$ , $G(q)=(q,g(q))\in M$.

±×·¯¸é ÀÌ´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ $\cc^{\infty}$-mapÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î graph
mapÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ $M$¿¡ coordinate chart¸¦ ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ´ÙÀ½ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦
»ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ.

$\hspace{2em}\phi:=G^{-1}:U=G(V)\rightarrow V(\subset \rb^{n-1})$.

 ±×·¯¸é ÀÌ
$(U,\phi)$´Â $p$±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ $M$ÀÇ coordinate chart °¡ µÈ´Ù.
$\phi$´Â graph map(Àº embeddingÀÌ´Ù) $G$ÀÇ ¿ªÇÔ¼öÀÌ¹Ç·Î
homeomorphismÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇµÈ $(U,\phi)$µé°£ÀÇ
$\cc^k$-related ¿©ºÎ¸¸ È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ
$(\widetilde{U},\widetilde{\phi})$°¡ À§ÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¶Ç
´Ù¸¥ chart¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é $g\in\cc^{\infty}$ÀÌ°í $\widetilde{\phi}$´Â
projectionÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\widetilde{\phi}\circ\phi^{-1}=\widetilde{\phi}\circ G$´Â
$\cc^{\infty}$ ÀÌ´Ù. $\phi\circ\widetilde{\phi}^{-1}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ
¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\{(U_p,\phi_p)\,|\,p\in M\}$ Àº $M$ÀÇ chart
°¡ µÈ´Ù. $\hspace{1em}\Box$\\

¾Õ section¿¡¼­ $\sbb^n$ÀÇ chartÁß (2) ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â atlas¿Í
(3)ÀÇ atlas´Â ¼­·Î °°´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç½Ç (2)ÀÇ $\phi$ map ÀÚÃ¼°¡
projection mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î (3)¿¡¼­ ¾²´Â explicit mapÀÌ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¿¹.} $f(x,y,z)=(r-2)^2+z^2-1$ where $r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$.

À§ ÇÔ¼ö´Â $\nabla f\neq 0$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¸íÁ¦ 1¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ
ÇÔ¼öÀÇ 0-locus $M$Àº $\cc^{\infty}$ structure¸¦ °¡ÁüÀ» ¾Ë
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ç½Ç $M$Àº  torus°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.6,clip=true]{grp9.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 9\\




{\bf Exercise.} Generalize the above proposition to
$f:\rb^n\rightarrow\rb^k$.










  \end{document}
