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\begin{document}
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  \section*{Further Examples.}

  {\bf 3. $\rb P^n$=Real Projective space.}

$\rb P^n$=$\rb^{n+1}-\{0\}/\sim$  , where $x\sim \lam x$, $\lam\in
\rb\backslash\{0\}$.

$[x]=$equivalence class of $x=(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot ,x_{n+1})$,
denoted by $[x_1:\cdot\cdot\cdot:x_{n+1}]$.

À§¿Í °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇµÈ $\rb P^n$¿¡ ´ëÇØ coordinate chart¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
ÁØ´Ù.

$U_i=\{[x_1:\cdot\cdot\cdot:x_{n+1}]\in\rb P^n\,|\,x_i\neq 0\}$
and $\phi_i:U_i\rightarrow\rb^n$ by


$\phi([x_1:\cdot\cdot\cdot:x_{n+1}])=(\frac{x_1}{x_i},\frac{x_2}{x_i},\cdot\cdot,\hat{\frac{x_i}{x_i}}
,\cdot\cdot,\frac{x_{n+1}}{x_i})$ (¿©±â¼­ $\wedge$´Â »«´Ù´Â
¶æÀÌ´Ù.)



ÀÌ ¶§ $U_i$µéÀº $\rb P^n$À» coverÇÏ°í ÀÌÁ¦ °¢ $\phi_i$°¡ $\cc^k$-
relatedµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½À» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

$i<j$¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¸é,$\phi_i(U_i\cap U_j)$ ¸¦ ÃëÇßÀ» ¶§´Â i¹øÂ°
¼ººÐÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°í

$\phi_j(U_i\cap U_j)$¿¡¼­´Â ¾ø¾îÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´ÙÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


$\phi_i(U_i\cap
U_j)=\{(a_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_n)\in\rb^n\,|\,a_{j-1}\neq 0\}:=V,$

$\phi_j(U_i\cap
U_j)=\{(a_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_n)\in\rb^n\,|\,\,\,a_{i}\neq 0\}:=W
$ and


$(\phi_i\circ\phi_j^{-1})(a_1,\cdot\cdot,a_n)=\phi_i([a_1:\cdot\cdot1:\cdot\cdot:a_n])$
$=(\frac{a_1}{a_i},\cdot\cdot,\hat{\frac{a_i}{a_i}},\cdot\cdot,\frac{1}{a_i},
\cdot\cdot,\frac{a_{n}}{a_i})$ : $W\rightarrow V$.

À§ÀÇ$(\phi_i\circ\phi_j^{-1})$´Â rational mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\cc^{\infty}$
»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó $\cc^{\omega}$ ±îÁöµµ µÈ´Ù. $\phi_j\circ\phi_i^{-1}$¿¡
´ëÇØ¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ $\cc^{\infty}$-related µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.\\

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.6,clip=true]{grp10.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 10\\

»ç½Ç $U_i$°¡ $\rb P^n$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ°í, $\phi_i$°¡ homeomorphismÀÓµµ
º¸¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. $U_i$°¡ $\rb P^n$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀº quotient
topology ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ openÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í $\phi_i$°¡
homeomorphismÀÌ¶ó´Â °Íµµ ½±°Ô º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. $\rb P^n$ÀÇ topology¸¦
quotient topology¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ weak topology¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©
Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿©µµ °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.\\

{\bf Note.} In this example, the topology of $\rb P^n$ is given by
the quotient topology and also can be viewed as a weak(or
coherent) topology as follows :\\

$\hspace{3em}$Let    $X=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{\alp}X_{\alp}}$,
and $X_{\alp}$
be a topological space, $\forall \alp$.\\

Assume

(1) ¸ðµç $\alp,\beta$¿¡ ´ëÇØ  $X_{\alp}\cap X_{\beta}$ÀÇ
topology´Â $X_{\alp}$ÀÇ subspace·Î º¸³ª $X_{\beta}$ÀÇ subspace·Î
º¸³ª topology °¡ °°´Ù.

(2)$X_{\alp}\cap X_{\beta}$ is open in $X_{\alp}$ and in
$X_{\beta}$, $\forall \alp,\beta$.\\

Let $\mathcal{T}=\{A\subset X\,\,|\,\,A\cap X_{\alp}\,\,is
\,\,open\,\,in\,\,X_{\alp}\,,\,\forall\,\alp\}$, then
$\mathcal{T}$ is a unique topology of $X$, called weak(or
coherent) topology, such that

(a) original topology of $X_{\alp}$=subspace topology of
$X_{\alp}$ in $X$ with respect to $\mathcal{T}$.

(b) $X_{\alp}$ is open in $X$.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦2}(optional) À§ noteÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ¶ó.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ ´Ù½Ã $\rb P^n$À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¼­ setÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ $\rb
P^n=\displaystyle{\bigcup_i}U_i$ ¿¡´Ù°¡ topology ¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.
$\phi_i$°¡ homeomorphismÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï °¢ $U_i$¿¡´Ù°¡  $\rb^n$°ú °°Àº
topology¸¦ ÁÖÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é ÀÌ ¶§ °¡Á¤ (1),(2)¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÔÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í
µû¶ó¼­ $\rb P^n$¿¡ °¢ $U_i$µéÀÇ topology¸¦ coherentÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â
weak topology¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾î °¢ $U_i$´Â $\rb P^n$¿¡¼­ open ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

{\bf 4. $\mathbb{C}P^n$=Complex projective space.}

¿¹3 ¿¡¼­ $\rb$ ´ë½Å $\mathbb{C}$¸¦ ¾²¸é µÈ´Ù. °°Àº ³í¹ýÀ¸·Î
$\mathbb{C}P^n$ ¿ª½Ã nÂ÷¿ø complex analytic manifold°¡ µÇ°í µû¶ó¼­
ÀÌ´Â 2nÂ÷¿ø real smooth manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù. quaternion $\mathbb{H}$¿¡
´ëÇØ¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù.($\mathbb{H}P^n$´Â 4n Â÷¿øÀÌ µÈ´Ù.)\\

{\bf 5. An open subset of a smooth manifold is a smooth manifold.}

manifold $M$°ú atlas $\mathcal{F}=\{(U_{\alp},\phi_{\alp})\}$¿¡
´ëÇØ $M$¿¡¼­  openÀÎ $N$ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ ¶§
$\displaystyle{\mathcal{F}_N:=\{(U_{\alp}\cap
N,\phi_{\alp}|_{U_{\alp}\cap N})\}}$ Àº N¿¡ smooth structure¸¦
ÁØ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î $Gl(n,\rb)=\{A\in M(n,\rb)\,|\,detA\neq 0\}$ À»
smooth structure¸¦ °¡Áø manifold·Î º¸´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ¶§ $Gl(n,\rb)$À»
$\rb^{n^2}=M(n,\rb)$ÀÇ open subsetÀ¸·Î¼­ º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf 6. A covering of a manifold is a manifold.}

$M$À» manifold¶ó°í ÇÏ°í $\tilde{M}$À» $M$ÀÇ coveringÀÌ¶ó°í µÎÀÚ.
±×·¯¸é, °¢ Á¡ $x\in M$¿¡ ´ëÇØ evenly coverµÇ´Â coordinate chart
$U$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ °¢ $\widetilde{x}\in p^{-1}(x)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $U$¿Í
$p$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ homeomorphic ÇÑ ±Ù¹æ $\widetilde{U}\subset p^{-1}(U)$¸¦
Àâ°í $\phi\circ p|_{\widetilde{U}}$·Î smooth chart¸¦ ÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î covering $p:\mathbb{S}^n\rightarrow\rb P^n$ À» »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ ¾ò¾îÁö´Â $\sbb^n$»óÀÇ smooth structure¿Í ¾Õ
section¿¡¼­
¾ò¾ú´ø smooth structure¸¦ ºñ±³ÇØ º¸¶ó.(»ç½Ç ÀÌ µÑÀº °°´Ù.)\\

{\bf 7. $M,N$ are smooth manifolds$\Rightarrow$ $M\times N$ is a
smooth structure.}

$M$ÀÇ atlas $\{(U_{\alp},\phi_{\alp})\}$¿Í $N$ÀÇ atlas
$\{(V_{\beta},\psi_{\beta})\}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\{(U_{\alp}\times V_{\beta}
,\phi_{\alp}\times \psi_{\beta})\}$´Â $M\times N$ÀÇ atlas°¡ µÈ´Ù.
(ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î $f:X\rightarrow Y$, $g:X'\rightarrow Y'$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$f\times g:X\times Y\rightarrow X'\times Y'$ À» $(f\times
g)(x,y)=(f(x),g(y))$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.) ÀÌ¸¦ º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ¸ÕÀú $
(U_{\alp}\times V_{\beta} ,\phi_{\alp}\times \psi_{\beta})$¸¦
¾Æ·¡±×¸²Ã³·³ ÀâÀÚ.
\\

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.6,clip=true]{grp11.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 11\\



À§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁø ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ chart
$(U_{\alp'},\phi_{\alp'}),(V_{\beta'},\psi_{\beta'})$°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í
°¡Á¤ÇÏ¸é,
$(\phi_{\alp}\times\psi_{\beta})\circ(\phi_{\alp'}\times\psi_{\beta'})^{-1}$
Àº
$\phi_{\alp}\circ\phi_{\alp'}^{-1}\times\psi_{\beta}\circ\psi_{\beta'}^{-1}$
°ú °°°í °¢°¢ÀÌ $\cc^{\infty}$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ°Í ¿ª½Ã $\cc^{\infty}$
ÀÌ´Ù. product manifold $\sbb^n\times\sbb^m$,
$\sbb^1\times\cdot\cdot\cdot\times\sbb^1=\mathbb{T}^n$(torus) µîÀº
¸ðµÎ smooth manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.
















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