
\documentclass[12pt ]{article}
\setlength{\textwidth}{14 true cm} \setlength{\textheight}{20 true
cm}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{hangul}
\usepackage{amscd,amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb,theorem}
\usepackage{longtable}
\newcommand{\Aff}{\mbox{\it Aff}}
\newcommand{\aff}{\mbox{\it aff}}
\newcommand{\cc}{\mathcal{C}}
\newcommand{\ccn}{\mathcal{C}^{\infty}}
\newcommand{\sbb}{\mathbb{S}}
\newcommand{\rb}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\rc}{\mathcal{R}}
\newcommand{\alp}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\bet}{\beta}
\newcommand{\del}{\delta}
\newcommand{\gam}{\gamma}
\newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\eps}{\epsilon}
\newcommand{\lam}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\kap}{\kappa}
\newcommand{\sig}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\ome}{\omega}
\newcommand{\Gam}{\Gamma}
\newcommand{\Ome}{\Omega}
\newcommand{\Sig}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\Del}{\Delta}
\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lambda}


\newtheorem{thm}{Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{cor}[thm]{µû¸§Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{º¸Á¶Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{¸íÁ¦}
\newtheorem{cl}{Claim}

{\theorembodyfont{\rm}
\newtheorem{ex}{¿¹}
\newtheorem{que}{Áú¹®}
\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}[section]
\newtheorem{defn}{Á¤ÀÇ}
\newtheorem{rem}{ÁÖ}
\newtheorem{note}{Note}
}
\renewcommand{\thenote}{}
\renewcommand{\therem}{}

\newenvironment{proof}{{\bf Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}
\newenvironment{proof1}{{\bf Á¤¸®Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}

\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{Quotient smooth manifold.}


¾Õ ¼½¼Ç¿¡¼­ $M$ÀÌ smooth manifoldÀÌ¸é $M$ÀÇ smooth structure¸¦
covering $\widetilde{M}$·Î pull back½ÃÅ³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ¹ø¿¡´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î $\widetilde{M}$ÀÌ smooth structure¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ»
¶§, ¾ðÁ¦ $M$À¸·Î smooth structure¸¦ ³»¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.\\

covering $p:\widetilde{M}\rightarrow M$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ deck
transformation group $G$ÀÇ actionÀ» »ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ. (À§»ó¼öÇÐ2ÀÇ
Covering space-Deck transformation ºÎºÐÀ» ÂüÁ¶.) $p^{-1}(x)$¿¡
´ëÇÑ GÀÇ actionÀÌ transitive ÇÒ ¶§ regular coveringÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ
°æ¿ì $M$Àº $\widetilde{M}/G$·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ´ÙÀ½ ³»¿ëÀÌ
¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\

{\it Let $p:\widetilde{M}\rightarrow M$ be a regular covering.
Suppose $\widetilde{M}$ has a smooth structure such that the deck
transformation group acts on $\widetilde{M}$ as diffeomorphisms.
Then $M$ inherits the smooth structure of $\widetilde{M}$ such
that $p$ becomes $\ccn$.}

(Áõ¸í) Exercise.\\

{\bf ¿¹.} covering $p:\rb\rightarrow \sbb^1$, $p(x)=e^{2\pi ix}$.






$\rb$»ó¿¡¼­ $\tau (x)=x+1$·Î µÎ°í $G=<\tau>\cong \mathbb{Z}$·Î
µÎ¸é ÀÌ´Â deck transformation groupÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì $p$´Â ´ç¿¬È÷
regular coveringÀÌ µÈ´Ù. $\tau$´Â $\ccn$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\sbb^1=\rb/G=\rb/\mathbb{Z}$ ¿¡ smooth structure¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
º¸´Ù ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î universal covering
$p:\rb^n\rightarrow\mathbb{T}^n=\sbb^1\times\cdot\cdot\cdot\times\sbb^1$
°ú deck transformation group
$G=<\tau_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,\tau_n>\cong\mathbb{Z}^n(\tau_i(x)=x+e_i)$À»
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é $\mathbb{T}^n$»ó¿¡ standard ÇÑ smooth structure¸¦ À¯µµÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹·Î´Â covering $p:\sbb^n\rightarrow \rb P^n$ ÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì antipodal map $\alp(x)=-x$°¡ deck transformation
groupÀ» generateÇÏ°í $\alp^2=id$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$G=<\alp>\cong\mathbb{Z}/2$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\sbb^n/G=\rb P^n$ ÀÌ
µÈ´Ù.(Exercise) Âü°í·Î ÀÌ ¶§ ¾òÀº $\rb P^n$ÀÇ structure´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡
¾ò¾ú´ø structure¿Í °°´Ù.



\end{document}
