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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Regular value and transversality.}
\begin{defn}{\it
$\vphi:M^m\rightarrow N^n$, $\ccn$, $q\in N$ is called a} {\bf
regular value} {\it of $\vphi$ if\\ $d\vphi_p$ is surjective for
$\forall p\in\vphi^{-1}(q)$}.\\

\end{defn}

{\bf Note.} $q\in N\backslash im\vphi$ is also a regular value.


$\hspace{3em}q\in N$ is a {\it critical value} if it is not regular.\\

\begin{thm}
$\vphi:M^m\rightarrow N^n,\ccn$. If $q\in N$ is a regular value of
$\vphi$, then $P=\vphi^{-1}(q)$ is  $\emptyset$ or an embedded
submanifold of M of dimension $m-n$. And $T_pP=ker \,\,d\vphi_p$.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
   $p\in P=\vphi^{-1}(q)$ ¶ó°í µÎÀÚ. $ d\vphi_p$´Â $p$ÀÇ ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­
   ontoÀÌ¹Ç·Î ¾ÕÀýÀÇ µû¸§Á¤¸® 4¿¡ µû¶ó $p,q$¿¡¼­ÀÇ chart $(U,x)$¿Í
   $(V,y)$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇØ¼­ $y\circ\vphi\circ
   x^{-1}(a_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_m)=(a_1\cdot\cdot,a_n)$À»
   ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.\\

   **±×¸² 19**\\

   µû¶ó¼­  $P$¿¡
   $x_2|_{W}=(x_{n+1}|_{W},\cdot\cdot\cdot,x_m|_W)$¿Í $W=U\cap P$¸¦
   coordinate chart·Î ÁÖÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é ÀÌ ¶§ $P$ÀÇ subspace topology¿¡ ´ëÇØ $W$´Â open set
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·± chartµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ  topological manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.
    ÀÌ·¸°Ô Á¤ÀÇµÈ chartµéÀÌ $P$¿¡ smooth structure¸¦ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ µÎ chart
    $x_2|_W,x_2'|_W$°¡ ¼­·Î
   $\ccn$-relatedÀÓ
   À» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. ½ÇÁ¦·Î $x_2|_W\circ x_2'|_W^{-1}=\pi\circ x\circ x'^{-1}\circ
   i$ÀÌ°í ÀÌ´Â  $\ccn$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\ccn$-relatedÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ  ¾ÕÀýÀÇ µû¸§Á¤¸® 5¿¡ µû¶ó $P$´Â submanifold°¡
   µÈ´Ù.


   $M$¿¡ embeddedµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº µû¸§Á¤¸® 5¿¡ µû¶ó $U\cap P=W$¸¦
   ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â global chart $U$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
  \end{proof}\\

  {\bf Remark.} À§ Á¤¸®¿¡¼­ $M$ÀÌ second countableÇÏ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¸é
  $P$µµ second countableÇÏ´Ù.\\

  {\bf Examples.} $\vphi:\rb^m\rightarrow
  \rb^n=(\vphi_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,\vphi_n)$.

  $d\vphi_p$ has rank $n$ $\Leftrightarrow$ $d\vphi_p:T_p\rb^m\rightarrow T_{\vphi(p)}\rb^n:\rb^m
  \rightarrow\rb^n$ is onto.



\[ (\,\,\,\,recall\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,d\vphi_p= \left(
         \begin{array}{cc}
              \nabla\vphi_1   \\
               \cdot\\
                 \cdot\\
             \cdot\\
              \nabla\vphi_n

          \end{array} \right)\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, ) \]



  $\Leftrightarrow\nabla\vphi_1(p),\cdot\cdot\cdot,\nabla\vphi_n(p)$
  are linearly independent.\\

  Æ¯È÷ $n=1$ ÀÏ ¶§ÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀº $\nabla\vphi(p)\neq 0$ ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹Àü¿¡
  ÀÌ¹Ì $f(x)=|x|^2-1$¿¡ ´ëÇØ($\nabla f\neq 0$) $M=f^{-1}(0)$ÀÌ smooth manifold°¡ µÊÀ» º¸ÀÎ
  ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â À§ÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÀÏ¹ÝÈ­µÉ ¶§ÀÇ
  Á¶°ÇÀÌ ¹Ù·Î $\nabla\vphi_1(p),\cdot\cdot\cdot,\nabla\vphi_n(p)$
  °¡ linearly independentÀÎ Á¶°ÇÀÌ´Ù. \\

  \begin{defn}{\it
  $\vphi:M^m\rightarrow N^n$, $\ccn$ and $i:Q\hookrightarrow N$ is a
  sbmanifold. $\vphi$ is said to be {\bf transversal} to $Q$ ($\vphi\pitchfork
Q$) if
  $\,\,im(d\vphi_p)+T_{\vphi(p)}Q=T_{\vphi(p)}N$, $\forall p\in
  \vphi^{-1}(Q)$.}\\
  \end{defn}

À§ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ·Î Á¤¸® 1À» ´õ ÀÏ¹ÝÈ­ÇÏ¿© $\vphi^{-1}(Q)$°¡ submanifold°¡ µÊÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\

\begin{thm}
$\vphi:M^m\rightarrow N^n$, $\ccn$ and $i:Q\hookrightarrow N$, a
(embedded, respectively) submanifold, and let $\vphi\pitchfork Q$.
Then $P=\vphi^{-1}(Q)$ is a (embedded, respectively) submanifold
of $M$ with $codim \,\,P=codim\,\,Q$ and
$T_pP=d\vphi_p\inv(T_{\vphi(p)}Q)$.($P$ is second countable if $Q$
is second countable.)
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}

\begin{figure}[htb]
 \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.75,clip=true]{grp20.eps}}

\end{figure}

±×¸² 20\\

$Q$°¡ submanifold ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\forall q\in Q$¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ
chart $(V,y)$ °¡ Á¸ÀçÇØ¼­ local chart $W$¸¦ ÁØ´Ù. $W$¸¦ slice
neighborhood¶ó°í ºÎ¸£ÀÚ.  ÀÌ ¶§ ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â $\rb^n,\rb^q$ÀÇ open
setÀ» °¢°¢ $"V","W"$ ¶ó°í µÎÀÚ.  ¶Ç  projection map

$p_2:\rb^n\rightarrow \rb^{n-q}$ ¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ¼­ $p_2\circ y=\pi_2$
¶ó°í ³õÀÚ.

ÀÌÁ¦ $\vphi\inv(V)=U$ ¶ó°í ³õ°í $\vphi$¸¦ $U$¿¡ restriction½ÃÅ²
$\vphi_U$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\pi_2\circ\vphi_U$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ.
$\pi_2\circ\vphi_U$´Â $U\rightarrow\rb^{n-q}$ ·Î °¡´Â ÇÔ¼öÀÌ°í
$\forall p\in P\cap U$¸¦ 0À¸·Î º¸³½´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ 0Àº
$\pi_2\circ\vphi_U$ÀÇ regular value°¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î(transversality
$\vphi\pitchfork Q$·ÎºÎÅÍ $d(\pi_2\circ\vphi_U)$´Â ontoÀÌ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.) Á¤¸® 1À» ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$(\pi_2\circ\vphi_U)^{-1}(0)$Àº $U$ÀÇ submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.
$(\pi_2\circ\vphi_U)^{-1}(0)=(\vphi_U^{-1}\circ\pi_2^{-1})(0)=\vphi_U^{-1}(W)=\vphi^{-1}(W)$
´Â $U$ÀÇ embedded submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

À§¿Í °°ÀÌ locally´Â Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾ú°í ÀÌÁ¦ °¢ $\forall q\in Q$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
À§¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁø  submanifold $\vphi^{-1}(W)$µéÀ» Àß ºÙ¿©¼­ $P$¸¦
¾ò¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. $P$°¡ submanifold°¡ µÊÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\

{\bf 1. Topology of $P$.}

$\forall q\in Q$¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â slice neighborhood $W$¸¦ À§¿Í
°°ÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ°í

$Q=\cup W_i$ÀÎ $W_i$µéÀ» ¸ð¾Æ $\{W_i\},\{V_i\}$µéÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ.
(¸¸ÀÏ $Q$°¡ second countableÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â $\{W_i\}$ ¸¦
conuntableÀÌ¶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.) ±×·¯¸é °¢ $\vphi\inv(W_i)$µéÀº
$U_i=\vphi\inv(V_i)$ÀÇ, µû¶ó¼­ $M$ÀÇ embedded submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.
Áï °¢ $\vphi\inv(W_i)$ ¿¡´Â $M$ÀÇ subspace topology°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î
$P=\dis{\cup\vphi\inv(W_i)}$¿¡ coherent topology¸¦ ÁÖÀÚ. ÀÌ¸¦ À§ÇØ
´ÙÀ½ µÎ °¡Áö¸¦ º¸ÀÌ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.

(check 1) $\vphi\inv(W_i)\cap\vphi\inv(W_j)$ÀÇ $\vphi\inv(W_i)$,
$\vphi\inv(W_j)$ ¿¡¼­ÀÇ subspace topology´Â °¢°¢ ¸ðµÎ $M$¿¡¼­ÀÇ
subspace topology¿Í °°´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±× µÑÀº topology°¡ °°´Ù.

(check 2) $\vphi\inv(W_i)\cap \vphi\inv(W_j)$ ´Â
$\vphi\inv(W_i)$¿¡¼­ openÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.  ¸ÕÀú


$\vphi|:\vphi\inv(W_i)\rightarrow W_i$´Â ¿¬¼ÓÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù.  $W_i$ÀÇ
topology´Â $N$ÀÇ subspace topologyÀÌ°í, $\vphi\inv(W_i)$ÀÇ
topology´Â $M$ÀÇ subspace topology ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\vphi|$´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù.


$\vphi\inv(W_i)\cap\vphi\inv(W_j)=\vphi\inv(W_i\cap W_j)$ ÀÌ°í
$W_i\cap W_j $´Â open in $W_i$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î °á±¹ $\vphi\inv(W_i)\cap
\vphi\inv(W_j)$ ´Â $\vphi\inv(W_i)$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ´Ù.\\
µû¶ó¼­ $P$¿¡ coherent topology¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö ÁÖÀÇÇÒ °ÍÀº
À§¿Í °°ÀÌ ÁØ coherent topology´Â subspace topologyº¸´Ùµµ finer
ÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 6.} Note that coherent topology of $P\supset$ subspace
topology of $P$. i.e., $i:P\hookrightarrow M$ is continuous.\\



{\bf 2. Smooth structure of $P$.}

ÀÌ´Â submanifold ÀÇ smooth structure¿¡ ´ëÇÑ {\it uniqueness} ·Î
º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï $\vphi\inv(W_i)\cap\vphi\inv(W_j)$ÀÇ smooth
structure´Â $\vphi\inv(W_i)$·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾òÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í,
$\vphi\inv(W_j)$·ÎºÎÅÍµµ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª {\it uniqueness of
smooth structures of submanifold}¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ µÎ structure´Â °°¾Æ¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $P=\dis{\cup \vphi\inv(W_i)}$¸¦ µ¤´Â °¢
$\vphi\inv(W_i)$µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ smooth structure¸¦ ÁÖµÇ °ãÄ¡´Â
ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­´Â structure°¡ ¼­·Î °°À¸¹Ç·Î ÀüÃ¼ÀûÀ¸·Î $P$¿¡ smooth
structure¸¦ ÁÖ°Ô µÇ°í $M$ÀÇ submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

{\bf 3. $Q$ is embedded$\Rightarrow$ $P$ is embedded.}

$Q$°¡ embedded submanifold ¶ó¸é °¢ $q\in Q$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $V\cap
Q=W(slice \,\,neighborhood)$

°¡ µÇ´Â ±Ù¹æ $V$¸¦ ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. $P$°¡ embeddingµÊÀ» º¸ÀÌ·Á¸é
$P$ÀÇ coherent topology°¡ subspace topology¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÊÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é
ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é

$i:P\,\,with\,\, subspace\,\,topology\hookrightarrow M$Àº ´ç¿¬È÷
embedding ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ¸¸ÀÏ


$coherent\,\,topology=subspace\,\,topology$¸¸ º¸ÀÌ¸é $P$´Â
(coherent topology·Î½á) embedded submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.

$coherent\,\,topology\subset subspace\,\,topology$¸¦ º¸ÀÌÀÚ.


coherent topology¿¡¼­ÀÇ open setÀº $\vphi\inv(W)$µéÀÇ open
subsetµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ generateµÇ°í $\vphi\inv(W)=\vphi\inv(V\cap
Q)=\vphi\inv(V)\cap\vphi\inv(Q)$ÀÌ´Ù.
$\vphi\inv(V)\cap\vphi\inv(Q)=U\cap P$ÀÌ°í ÀÌ¸¦ $M$¿¡¼­ÀÇ subspace
topology·Î º¸ÀÚ¸é  $U$´Â $M$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ¹Ç·Î À§´Â
$P\,\,with\,\,subspace\,\,topology$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ´Ù.

Áï $coherent\,\,topology\subset subspace\,\,topology$ ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­
À§ ¼÷Á¦ 6¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µÎ topology´Â °°´Ù.
±×·¯¹Ç·Î $P$ ¿ª½Ã embedded submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î $codim\,P=codim\,\vphi\inv(W)=n-q=codim\,Q$ ÀÌ°í,


\begin{eqnarray*}
T_pP&=&ker\,d(\pi_2\circ\vphi_U)_p\,\,\,\,\,\, (by \,\,thm\,1.)\\
&=&ker\,(d\pi_2\circ d\vphi_U)_p\\
&=&(d\pi_2\circ d \vphi_U)\inv(0)\\
&=&d\vphi_p\inv(T_{\vphi(p)}Q)\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(d\pi_2\inv(0)=T_{\vphi(p)}W=T_{\vphi(p)}Q)
\end{eqnarray*}







\end{proof}

\begin{defn}{\it
Let $P$ and $Q$ be submanifolds of $M$. $P$ and $Q$ are
transversal, $P\pitchfork Q$, if  $\,\,\,i:P\hookrightarrow M$ is
transversal to $Q$. i.e., if $\forall p\in P\cap Q$, $T_pP+
T_pQ=T_pM$ holds.}
\end{defn}

\begin{cor}
If two(embedded respectively) submanifold $P$ and $Q$ of $M$ are
transversal, then their intersection $P\cap Q$ is a (embedded
respectively) submanifold of $P$,$Q$ and hence of $M$.


\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
$P\cap Q=i_p\inv(Q)$($i_p:P\hookrightarrow M$ = inclusion map)ÀÌ°í
$Q$´Â $M$ÀÇ submanifold ÀÌ¹Ç·Î Á¤¸® 2¸¦ ¾²¸é $i_p\inv(Q)$ ¿ª½Ã
submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù. $P$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ°í embedded
submanifoldÀÇ °æ¿ì ¿ª½Ã ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}




\end{document}
