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\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{hangul}
\usepackage{amscd,amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb,theorem}
\usepackage{longtable}
\newcommand{\wid}{\widetilde}
\newcommand{\ml}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\hs}{\hspace}
\newcommand{\inv}{^{-1}}
\newcommand{\vphi}{\varphi}
\newcommand{\paxi}{\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}}
\newcommand{\payj}{\frac{\partial}{\partial y_j}}
\newcommand{\paxj}{\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}}
\newcommand{\payi}{\frac{\partial}{\partial y_i}}
\newcommand{\li}{[X,Y]}
\newcommand{\dis}{\displaystyle}
\newcommand{\disi}{\displaystyle{\sum_{i=1}^n}}
\newcommand{\disj}{\displaystyle{\sum_{j=1}^n}}
\newcommand{\pa}{\partial}
\newcommand{\Aff}{\mbox{\it Aff}}
\newcommand{\aff}{\mbox{\it aff}}
\newcommand{\cc}{\mathcal{C}}
\newcommand{\dc}{\mathcal{D}}
\newcommand{\ccn}{\mathcal{C}^{\infty}}
\newcommand{\sbb}{\mathbb{S}}
\newcommand{\rb}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\rc}{\mathcal{R}}
\newcommand{\alp}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\bet}{\beta}
\newcommand{\del}{\delta}
\newcommand{\gam}{\gamma}
\newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\eps}{\epsilon}
\newcommand{\lam}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\kap}{\kappa}
\newcommand{\sig}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\ome}{\omega}
\newcommand{\Gam}{\Gamma}
\newcommand{\Ome}{\Omega}
\newcommand{\Sig}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\Del}{\Delta}
\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lambda}


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\newtheorem{cor}[thm]{µû¸§Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{º¸Á¶Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{¸íÁ¦}
\newtheorem{cl}{Claim}

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\newtheorem{ex}{¿¹}
\newtheorem{que}{Áú¹®}
\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}[section]
\newtheorem{defn}{Á¤ÀÇ}
\newtheorem{rem}{ÁÖ}
\newtheorem{note}{Note}
}
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\newenvironment{proof}{{\bf Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}
\newenvironment{proof1}{{\bf Á¤¸®Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}

\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Lie derivative and $\vphi$- related vector fields.}
$\ccn$ vector field $X$¿Í $X$ÀÇ flow $\alp$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½À»
Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.

$\dis{(\mathcal{L}_Xf)(p):=\lim_{h\rightarrow
0}\frac{1}{h}(f(\alp_h(p))-f(p))}$

$\hs{4.5em}$= Lie derivative of $f$ with respect to $X$.\\

±×·±µ¥ $\,\,\frac{d}{dt}|_0f\circ\alp=Xf$ ÀÌ°í À§ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ°¡ Á¤È®È÷
$\frac{d}{dt}|_0f\circ\alp$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î

 $(\mathcal{L}_Xf)(p)=Xf(p)$
ÀÌ´Ù.




flow $\alp_h$(diffeomorphism) ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\alp_h^*$¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.

$\hs{3em}M\hs{1em}\overset{\alp_h}{\rightarrow}\hs{1em}M\hs{1em}\overset{f}{\rightarrow}\rb$

$\hs{3em}p\hs{1.4em}\mapsto\hs{0.6em}\alp_h(p)\hs{0.5em}\mapsto
f\circ\alp_h(p)=\alp_h^*f(p)$\\


ÀÌ¸¦ $\alp_h$¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ $f$ÀÇ pull backÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏ°í ÇÔ¼ö f ¿Ü¿¡ tensor
field¿¡µµ Àû¿ë°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î Lie derivative
$\mathcal{L}_X\square=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
0}\frac{1}{h}((\alp_h^*\square)_p-\square_p)}$¸¦ $\square$ÀÇ flow
of $X$¸¦ µû¸¥
 ¹ÌºÐÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ( $\square=f,$forms,vector fields,tensor fields)\\

 \begin{defn}$(\mathcal{L}_XY)(p):=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}(Y_p-(\alp_{h*}Y)_p)}=\dis{\lim_{k\rightarrow 0}\frac{1}{k}((\alp_k^*Y)_p-Y_p)}$.

 ¿©±â¼­  $ \alp_h^*Y:=(\alp_h\inv)_*Y$ ÀÌ´Ù.\\

\end{defn}

{\bf ¿¹.} In $\rb^2$, $X=\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1}$ ,
$Y=(b_1,b_2)=b_1\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1}+b_2\frac{\pa}{\pa x_2}$.

±×·¯¸é $X$ÀÇ flow´Â $x_1$Ãà ¹æÇâÀ» µû¸¥ ÆòÇàÀÌµ¿ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\mathcal{L}_XY$´Â $Y$ÀÇ $x_1$Ãà ¹æÇâÀÇ º¸Åë ¹ÌºÐ $(\frac{\pa b_1
}{\pa x_1},\frac{\pa b_2}{\pa x_1})=\frac{\pa b_1}{\pa x_1
}\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1}+\frac{\pa b_2}{\pa x_1}\frac{\pa}{\pa x_2}$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\


\begin{thm}

$X,Y$ are $\ccn$ vector fields on $M\Rightarrow\mathcal{L}_XY=\li$
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
local ¼ºÁúÀÌ¹Ç·Î  $p\in M$ ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­¸¸ º¸ÀÌ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$X$¸¦ $\rb^n$»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°í ¾ÕÀýÀÇ Á¤¸®1¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$X=\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1}$ ÀÌ¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇØµµ ¹«°üÇÏ´Ù.

Let $Y=\sum b_i\frac{\pa}{\pa x_i}$. Then clearly
$\mathcal{L}_XY=\sum\frac{\pa b_i}{\pa x_1}\frac{\pa}{\pa x_i}$
and

$[X,Y]=[\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1},\sum b_i\paxi]$

$\hs{3em}=\sum[\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1},b_i\paxi]$

$\hs{3em}=\sum(\frac{\pa b_i}{\pa x_1 }\paxi+b_i\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1
}\paxi-b_i\paxi\frac{\pa}{\pa x_1})$

$\hs{3em}=\sum\frac{\pa b_i}{\pa x_1}\paxi$.\\

µû¶ó¼­ $\mathcal{L}_XY=[X,Y]$ ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}


\begin{cor}


(1) $\ml_XY=-\ml_YX.$

(2) $\mathcal{L}_XY$ is linear with respect to $X$ and $Y$.

(3) $\ml_X(fY)=(\ml_Xf)Y-f(\ml_XY)$.

(4) $\ml_X[Y,Z]=[\ml_XY,Z]+[Y,\ml_XZ]$.

(5) $\ml_{\li}=[\ml_X,\ml_Y]:=\ml_X\ml_Y-\ml_Y\ml_X$.
\end{cor}

{\bf Áõ¸í.} Easy exercise.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 11.} $p\in M,$ $X,$ a vector field with flow $\alp$ ¿¡
´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½À» º¸ÀÌ¶ó.

(1) $F(t):=f(\alp_p(t))$ then $\frac{d^kF}{dt^k}(t)=(X^kf)(t)$ and
show

$\dis{f(\alp_p(t))=f(p)+\sum_{j=1}^{k}}\frac{1}{j!}(X^jf)(p)t^j+G(t)\,\,\,$
 , where $\frac{G(t)}{t^k}\rightarrow 0$ as $t\rightarrow 0$.\\

 (2) Let $Y$ be an another vector field with flow $\beta$ and let

 $\sigma(t)=\overline{\beta}(t,c(t))\,\,$ , $\,\,c(t)=\overline{\alp}(t,b(t))$

 $b(t)=\beta(t,a(t))\,\,\,$ , $\,\,a(t)=\alp(t,p)$  .

¿©±â¼­ $\overline{\alp}$´Â $-X$ÀÇ flowÀÌ´Ù.\\

Show $\frac{d^2}{dt^2}|_0f(\sigma(t))=2\li_pf\,\,$ or
\,\,$\gamma(t):=\sigma(\sqrt{t})\Rightarrow\frac{d\gamma}{dt}(0)=\li_pf$
.\\

$(Hint)$
$f(\sigma(t))=f(c(t))-(Yf)(c(t))t+\frac{1}{2}(Y^2f)(c(t))t^2+G(t)$,

$g(c(t))=g(b(t))-(Xg)(b(t))t+\frac{1}{2}(X^2g)(b(t))t^2+G_1(t)\cdot\cdot\cdot$
µîÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÃàÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÀÔÇØº¸¶ó.\\

\begin{defn}
Let $\vphi:M\rightarrow N,\ccn$, X be a $\ccn$ vector field on $M$
and $Y$ be a $\ccn$ vector field on $N$. $X$ and $Y$ are {\bf
$\vphi-$related }$(X\underset{\vphi}{\sim}Y)$ if
$\vphi_*X_p=Y_{\vphi(p)}\,\,\forall p\in M.$\\

\end{defn}

\begin{prop}
Let $\vphi:M\rightarrow N,\ccn$ and $X$ be a $\ccn$ vector field
on $M$.


(1) $X$ and $\widetilde{X}$ are $\vphi$-related $\Rightarrow
\vphi(\alp(t,p))=\widetilde{\alp}(t,\vphi(p))$ where
$\alp(\wid{\alp}$,resp.) is the flow of $X(\wid{X}$,resp.).

(2) $X\underset{\vphi}{\sim}\wid{X}$,
$Y\underset{\vphi}{\sim}\wid{Y}\Rightarrow[X,Y]\underset{\vphi}{\sim}[\wid{X},\wid{Y}]$.
\end{prop}

\begin{proof}

(1)
$X\underset{\vphi}{\sim}\wid{X}\Rightarrow\vphi_*(X_p)=\wid{X}_{\vphi(p)}$
ÀÌ°í $p$¸¦ Áö³ª´Â integral curve $\alp_p(t)$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ

$\vphi(\alp_p(t))$´Â $\vphi(p)$¸¦ Áö³ª´Â $\widetilde{X}$ÀÇ
integral curve°¡ µÈ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é


$\frac{d}{dt}(\vphi\circ\alp_p(t))=\wid{X}(\vphi(\alp_p(t)))$ÀÓÀ»
º¸ÀÌ¸é µÇ´Âµ¥\\

$\frac{d}{dt}(\vphi\circ\alp_p)=\vphi_*\frac{d\alp}{dt}\hs{3em}$

$\hs{4.5em}=\wid{X}_{\vphi(p)}\hs{3em}$ since
$\frac{d\alp}{dt}=X_p$\\

µû¶ó¼­ uniqueness¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$\vphi(\alp_p(t))=\wid{\alp}(t,\vphi(p))$ÀÌ´Ù.\\

$\hs{0.5em}i.e.,\hs{4em}\rb\times
M\supset\dc\,\,\,\,\,\,\overset{id\times\vphi}
{\longrightarrow}\,\,\,\,\,\,\wid{\dc}\subset\rb\times\wid{M}$

$\hs{10em}\alp\downarrow\hs{5em}\downarrow\wid{\alp}$

$\hs{10.5em}M\,\,\,\,\,\,\underset{\vphi}{\longrightarrow}\,\,\,\,\,\,\wid{M}$\\


(2) $\vphi_*(\li_p)=[\wid{X},\wid{Y}]_{\vphi(p)}$ ¸¦ º¸ÀÌÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú
$\forall f\in\ccn$¿¡ ´ëÇØ \\

$\vphi_*(\li_p)(f)=\li_p(f\circ\vphi)$

$\hs{6.6em}=X_pY(f\circ\vphi)-Y_p(X(f\circ\vphi))$

$\hs{6.6em}=X_p(\vphi_*Y)(f)-Y_p(\vphi_*X)(f)$

$\hs{6.6em}=X_p((\wid{Y}f)\circ\vphi)-Y_p((\wid{X}f)\circ\vphi)$

$\hs{6.6em}=\vphi_*(X_p)(\wid{Y}f)-\vphi_*(Y_p)(\wid{X}f))$

$\hs{6.6em}=\wid{X}_{\vphi(p)}(\wid{Y}f)-\wid{Y}_{\vphi(p)}(\wid{X}f)$

$\hs{6.6em}=[\wid{X},\wid{Y}]_{\vphi(p)}f$
\end{proof}

\begin{cor}
$\hs{3em}$\\(1) Let $\vphi:M\rightarrow N$ be a diffeomorphism and
$X$ be a vector field on $M$ with flow $\{\alp_t\}$. Then
$\{\vphi\circ\alp_t\circ\vphi\inv\}$ is a flow of $\vphi_*X$.

(2) Let $\vphi:M\rightarrow M$ be a diffeomorphism, then
$\vphi_*X=X\Leftrightarrow\vphi\circ\alp_t=\alp_t\circ\vphi\,\,,\,\,\forall\,t.$
\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
(1) ¾Õ ¸íÁ¦¿¡¼­ $\vphi(p)$¿¡¼­ÀÇ flow $\wid{\alp}$ ´Â
$\vphi(\alp(t,p))$ ¿Í
°°À¸¹Ç·Î

 $\hs{1.5em}\wid{\alp}_t\circ\vphi=\vphi\circ\alp_t$ ÀÌ´Ù.\\

(2) $(\Rightarrow)$ $X\underset{\vphi}{\sim}X$ ÀÌ°í flow°¡ µÑ ´Ù
$\alp_t$·Î °°À¸¹Ç·Î (1)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù

$\hs{1.5em}(\Leftarrow)$ $\vphi\circ\alp_t\circ\vphi\inv$´Â
$\vphi_*X$ÀÇ flowÀÌ°í  $\alp_t$ ´Â $X$ÀÇ flowÀÎµ¥ µÎ vector
fieldÀÇ

$\hs{1.5em}$flow°¡ ¼­·Î °°À¸¹Ç·Î  $\vphi_*X=X$ ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{lem}
 $X$ generates $\{\alp_t\}$ and $Y$  generates $\{\beta_t\}$. Then

$\li=0\Leftrightarrow\alp_t\circ\beta_s=\beta_s\circ\alp_t\,\,\,\forall\,s,t.$
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
$({\bf \Leftarrow})$
$\alp_t\circ\beta_s\circ\alp_t\inv=\beta_s$ÀÌ°í ¾ÕÀÇ µû¸§Á¤¸®
(2)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $(\alp_t)_*Y=Y$ ÀÌ´Ù. ($\alp_t$¸¦ diffeomorphismÀ¸·Î
$Y$¸¦ vector field·Î º¸¸é µÈ´Ù.) ±×·¯¸é

$\li=\ml_XY=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}(Y-(\alp_{t*}Y))}=0$.\\

 $({\Rightarrow})$ For $\forall q\in M$, $\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}(Y_q-(\alp_{h*}Y)_q)}=0$. Let $c(t)=(\alp_{t*}Y)_p\,\,\,,$
 then

 $c'(t)=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}(c(t+h)-c(t))}=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}((\alp_{(t+h)*}Y)_p-(\alp_{t*}Y)_p)}$

$\hs{2em}=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}((\alp_{t}\circ\alp_h)_*Y)_p-(\alp_{t*}Y)_p)}=\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}((\alp_{t_*}\circ\alp_{h_*})Y)_p-(\alp_{t*}Y)_p)}$

 $\hs{2em}=\alp_{t*}\{\dis{\lim_{h\rightarrow
 0}\frac{1}{h}((\alp_{h*}Y)_{\alp_{-t}(p)}-Y_{\alp_{-t}(p)})}\}=0$\\

 $\therefore c(t)=c(0)\,\,and\,\alp_{t*}Y=Y$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î  µû¸§Á¤¸®ÀÇ (2)¹ø¿¡
 µû¶ó $\alp_t\circ\beta_s=\beta_s\circ\alp_t$ ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Recall.} $\rb^n$ ¿¡¼­ $[\paxi,\paxj]=0$ ÀÌ´Ù.\\

´ÙÀ½ Á¤¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ
¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ºÁúµµ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

\begin{thm} Let $X_1,X_2,\cdot\cdot\cdot,X_k$ be linearly
independent $\ccn$ vector fields in a neighborhood of $p\in M$. If
$[X_i,X_j]=0\,\,,\,\,\forall i,j=1,2,\cdot\cdot, k$. Then

$\exists$ a coordinate chart $(U,x)$ around $p$ such that
$X_i=\paxi\,\,,\,\,i=1,2,\cdot\cdot\cdot,k.$
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
local problem ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\rb^n$»ó¿¡¼­ ºÁµµ µÈ´Ù. $p=0$À¸·Î µÎ°í
linear change of coordinate¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $0$¿¡¼­´Â
$X_i(0)=\frac{\pa}{\pa u_i}(0),i=1,\cdot\cdot,k$ ÀÌ µÇ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.

°¢ $X_i$ÀÇ  flow¸¦  $\{\alp_t^i\}$ ¶ó µÎÀÚ. ±×¸®°í ÇÔ¼ö
$\vphi:\rb^n\rightarrow\rb^n$¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁØ´Ù.

$\vphi(x_1,x_2,\cdot\cdot\cdot,x_n)=\alp_{x_1}^1(\alp_{x_2}^2(\cdot\cdot(\alp_{x_k}^k(0,\cdot\cdot,0,x_{k+1},\cdot
\cdot x_n))\cdot\cdot))=\alp_{x_1}^1(\overline{x})$, ¿©±â¼­
$\overline{x}=\alp_{x_2}^2(\cdot\cdot(\alp_{x_k}^k(0,\cdot\cdot,0,x_{k+1},\cdot
\cdot x_n))\cdot\cdot)$.  ±×·¯¸é

 $\vphi_*\frac{\pa}{\pa u_1
}(x_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,x_n)=\frac{d}{dt}|_{t=x_1}\alp_t^1(\overline{x})=X_1(\alp^1(x_1,\overline{x}))=X_1(\vphi(x))$.

$[X_1,X_2]=0$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î À§ÀÇ º¸Á¶Á¤¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$\vphi(x)=\alp_{x_1}^1(\alp_{x_2}^2\cdot\cdot)=\alp_{x_2}^2(\alp_{x_1}^1\cdot\cdot)$


ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î $\vphi_*\frac{\pa}{\pa
u_2}(x)=X_2(\vphi(x))$ ÀÌ´Ù.

´õ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î $\vphi_*\frac{\pa}{\pa
u_i}(x)=X_i(\vphi(x))\,\,,\,\,\forall i=1,2,\cdot\cdot, k$µµ
¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\vphi_*\frac{\pa}{\pa
u_i}(0)=X_i(0)=\frac{\pa}{\pa u_i}(0),i=1,\cdot\cdot,k
 $ .

 ±×¸®°í
$i=k+1,\cdot\cdot,n$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â $\vphi|_{0\times\rb^{n-k}}=id$°¡
 µÇ¹Ç·Î

    $\vphi_*\frac{\pa}{\pa u_j}(0)=\frac{\pa}{\pa
    u_j}(0)\,,\,j=k+1,\cdot\cdot,n$.

 µû¶ó¼­ $ \vphi_*(0)=id$ÀÌ µÇ¾î  $\vphi\inv$ ´Â $p$±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ  coordinate
 chart¸¦ ÁÖ°í ±× ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­ $\paxi=X_i\,,\,i=1,2,\cdot\cdot,k$ ÀÌ´Ù.

\end{proof}
\end{document}
