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\usepackage{amscd,amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb,theorem}
\usepackage{longtable}
\newcommand{\pauo}{\frac{\partial}{\partial u_1}}
\newcommand{\paui}{\frac{\partial}{\partial u_i}}
\newcommand{\pauj}{\frac{\partial}{\partial u_j}}
\newcommand{\wid}{\widetilde}
\newcommand{\ml}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\hs}{\hspace}
\newcommand{\inv}{^{-1}}
\newcommand{\vphi}{\varphi}
\newcommand{\pax}{\frac{\partial}{\partial x}}
\newcommand{\pay}{\frac{\partial}{\partial y}}
\newcommand{\paz}{\frac{\partial}{\partial z}}
\newcommand{\paxi}{\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}}
\newcommand{\payj}{\frac{\partial}{\partial y_j}}
\newcommand{\paxj}{\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}}
\newcommand{\payi}{\frac{\partial}{\partial y_i}}
\newcommand{\li}{[X,Y]}
\newcommand{\dis}{\displaystyle}
\newcommand{\disi}{\displaystyle{\sum_{i=1}^n}}
\newcommand{\disj}{\displaystyle{\sum_{j=1}^n}}
\newcommand{\pa}{\partial}
\newcommand{\Aff}{\mbox{\it Aff}}
\newcommand{\aff}{\mbox{\it aff}}
\newcommand{\cc}{\mathcal{C}}
\newcommand{\dc}{\mathcal{D}}
\newcommand{\ccn}{\mathcal{C}^{\infty}}
\newcommand{\sbb}{\mathbb{S}}
\newcommand{\rb}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\rc}{\mathcal{R}}
\newcommand{\alp}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\bet}{\beta}
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\newcommand{\gam}{\gamma}
\newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\eps}{\epsilon}
\newcommand{\lam}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\kap}{\kappa}
\newcommand{\sig}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\ome}{\omega}
\newcommand{\Gam}{\Gamma}
\newcommand{\Ome}{\Omega}
\newcommand{\Sig}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\Del}{\Delta}
\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lambda}


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\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{¸íÁ¦}
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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Distribution and Frobenius theorem(Local part)}

  \begin{defn}
A $k-$dimensional {\bf distribution} $\dc$ on $M^n$ is a choice of
a $k-$dimensional subspace $\dc(p)\subset T_pM$ for each $p\in M.$
 $\dc$ is $\ccn$ if $\forall p\in M,\,\,\exists U$ a neighborhood
 of $p$ and  $X_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,X_k$, $\ccn$ vector fields on $U$
 such that $\dc(p)=span\{X_1(p),\cdot\cdot\cdot,X_k(p)\}$.

 For a vector field $X$, $X\in\dc$ if $X(p)\in\dc(p)\,,\,\,\forall p\in
 M$.

 We consider only $\ccn$ distributions. $\dc$ is {\bf involutive}(or
 completely integrable) if $\li\in\dc$ for $\forall\ccn$ vector fields $ X,Y\in\dc.$

 \end{defn}

\begin{defn}
A submanifold $(N,\vphi)$ of $M$ is an {\bf integral manifold} of
$\dc$ on $M$ if $\vphi_*(T_pN)=\dc(\vphi(p))\,\,\,\,\forall p\in
N.$\\
\end{defn}

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 12-1.} $X_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,X_k:\ccn$ vector fields
spanning $\dc$. Then

$ \dc$ is involutive if and only if
$[X_i,X_j]\in\dc\,\,,\,\,\forall i,j.$

\begin{prop}
Let $\dc$ be a distribution on $M$.

 $\forall p\in M,\exists$
an integral manifold of $\dc$ through $p\Rightarrow\dc$ is
involutive.
\end{prop}

\begin{proof}
$X,Y\in\dc$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\li\in\dc$¸¦ º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ °¢ $p\in M$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$(N,\vphi)$¸¦ $p$¸¦ Áö³ª´Â $\dc$ÀÇ integral manifold¶ó µÎÀÚ.
integral manifoldÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$\vphi_*(\overline{X})=X,$$\vphi_*(\overline{Y})=Y$ ¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â
vector fields $\overline{X},\overline{Y}$ °¡ $N$»ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.  ÀÌ
¶§ $\overline{X},\overline{Y}$´Â $N$À§ÀÇ $\ccn$ vector field°¡
µÈ´Ù.(¿Ö ±×·±Áö º¸¿©¶ó.)

$\li_{\vphi(p)}=[\vphi_*\overline{X},\vphi_*\overline{Y}]_{\vphi(p)}=\vphi_*[\overline{X},\overline{Y}]_p
\in\vphi_*(T_pN)\in\dc $.

µû¶ó¼­ $X,Y\in\dc\Rightarrow\li\in\dc$ÀÓÀ» º¸¿´´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}(Frobenius theorem : Local part)


Let $\dc$ be a $k-dimensional\,\,\,\ccn$ distribution on $M^n$.

$\dc$ is involutive $\Rightarrow\forall\,p\,\in M,\,\exists\,$ an
integral manifold of $\dc$ through $p$.

In fact , $\exists$a coordinate chart $(U,x)$ with $x(p)=0$ and
$x(U)=(-\eps,\eps)^n$ such that
$\forall(a_{k+1},\cdot\cdot,a_n)\in\rb^{n-k}$ with $|a_i|<\eps,$
the slice

$\{q\in U,\,|\,\,x_{k+1}(q)=a_{k+1},\cdot\cdot,x_n(q)=a_n\}$ is an
integral manifold of $\dc$.

And if $(N,\vphi)$ is a connected integral manifold of $\dc$ such
that $\vphi(N)\subset U$,

then $\vphi(N)$ lies in one of these slices.
\end{thm}

**±×¸² 23**\\


\begin{proof}
local problemÀÌ¹Ç·Î $p=0\in\rb^n$À¸·Î µÎ°í
$\dc(0)=span\{\pauo(0),\cdot\cdot,\frac{\pa}{\pa u_k}(0)\}$

ÀÌ¶ó µÎÀÚ. (linear coordinates change¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÎ¾îµµ
»ó°ü¾ø´Ù.) canonical projection $\pi:\rb^n\rightarrow\rb^k$¸¦
»ý°¢ÇÏ¸é

$\pi_*:\dc(0)\rightarrow T_0\rb^k$´Â »ç½Ç»ó identityÀÌ¹Ç·Î
isomorphismÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

(0¿¡¼­ $\dc(0)=span\{\pauo(0),\cdot\cdot,\frac{\pa}{\pa u_k}(0)\}$
ÀÌ°í ÀÌ´Â $T_0\rb^k$¿Í °°´Ù.)

±×·¯¸é continuity¼ºÁú¶§¹®¿¡ $0$±Ù¹æÀÇ $p$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ
$\pi_*:\dc(p)\rightarrow T_{\pi(0)}\rb^k$´Â isomorphismÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­

$\exists! X_1(q),\cdot\cdot,X_k(q)\in\dc(q)$ such that
$\pi_*X_i(q)=\paui(\pi(q))\,\,,\,\,i=1,\cdot\cdot,k$.

Note that each $X_i $ is $\ccn$({\bf ¼÷Á¦ 12-2.})  and
$\pi-$related to $\paui.$

$\therefore\pi_*[X_i,X_j]_q=[\pi_*X_i,\pi_*X_j]_{\pi(q)}=[\paui,\pauj]_{\pi(q)}=0$

$\rb^n$¿¡¼­´Â $\paui,\pauj$°¡ ¼­·Î commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î À§½ÄÀº 0ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ involutiveÇÏ´Ù´Â  Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ $[X_i,X_j]_q\in\dc(q)$ÀÌ°í,
$\pi_*$´Â $\dc(q)$¿¡  isomorphismÀ» ÁÖ¹Ç·Î $[X_i,X_j]_q=0$ ÀÌ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¾ÕÀýÀÇ Á¤¸®6¿¡ µû¶ó $\exists$ coordinate chart
$(U,x)$ such that $X_i=\paxi$ on $U$ ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ °¢ slice´Â
$\dc$ÀÇ integral manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

$(N,\vphi)$°¡ connected integral manifold with $\vphi(N)\subset U
$ ÀÎ °æ¿ì\\

$\hs{2em}N\overset{\vphi}{\rightarrow}U\overset{x}{\rightarrow}x(U)\overset{p_2}{\rightarrow}\rb^{n-k}$\\

¿¡¼­ $N$ÀÌ integral manifold¶ó´Â »ç½Ç ¶§¹®¿¡ $(p_2\circ
x\circ\vphi)_*=0$ ÀÌ µÇ°í µû¶ó¼­ $(p_2\circ
x\circ\vphi)=locally\,\,\,constant$ ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ $N$ÀÌ connected
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $(p_2\circ x\circ\vphi)=constant$ ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\vphi(N)$´Â
single slice¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

$<${\bf Frobenius theorem as P.D.E. problem}$>$\\


{\bf ¿¹.} $M=\rb^3$, $\dc(p)=span\{X=\pax+f(p)\frac{\pa}{\pa
z},Y=\pay+g(p)\frac{\pa}{\pa z}\}$.

$\dc$°¡ involutiveÇÑÁö¸¦ º¸±â À§ÇØ¼­´Â $X,Y$¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­¸¸
$\li\in\dc$ ÀÎÁö¸¦ Ã¼Å©ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ °è»êÀ» ÇØº¸¸é
$\li=(\frac{\pa g}{\pa x}-\frac{\pa f}{\pa y}+f\frac{\pa g }{\pa z
}-g\frac{\pa f}{\pa z})\paz$ ÀÌ°í ÀÌ ½ÄÀÌ $\dc$¾È¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸·Á¸é

$\hs{3em}\frac{\pa g}{\pa x}-\frac{\pa f}{\pa y}+f\frac{\pa g
}{\pa z }-g\frac{\pa f}{\pa z}=0\hs{2em}(*)$

ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï $\dc$°¡ involutiveÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº $(*)$¸¦
º¸ÀÌ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.  ¸¸ÀÏ $\dc$°¡ $(*)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù¸é Frobenius
Á¤¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, È¤Àº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ integral manifold°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\


Show integrability directly using $(*)$ :

We want $\alp:\rb^2\rightarrow\rb$ such that

\[  (*)'\left\{
\begin{array}{cc}
\frac{\pa\alp}{\pa x}=&f(x,y,\alp(x,y))  \\
              \frac{\pa\alp}{\pa y}=&g(x,y,\alp(x,y))
\end{array} \right. \]\\


¸¸ÀÏ $(*)'$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $\alp$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é $\frac{\pa^2\alp}{\pa
x\pa y }=\frac{\pa^2\alp}{\pa y\pa x }$ ¼ºÁú¿¡¼­ $(*)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÔÀ»
¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  ¿ªÀ¸·Î $\alp$ÀÇ Á¸Àç¼ºÀº $(*)$¸¸ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

(ÀÌ´Â Frobenius Á¤¸®¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ±âµµ ÇÏ´Ù. )\\

(1st step) $y=b$·Î °íÁ¤½ÃÅ°°í $\frac{\pa\alp}{\pa
x}=f(x,b,\alp(x,b))$ ¸¦ Ç®¸é ÀÌ´Â O.D.E ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÇØ°¡ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô
Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.\\

(2nd step) °¢ °íÁ¤µÈ $x$¿¡ ´ëÇØ  ´ÙÀ½ ½ÄÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ.

$  \frac{\pa\alp}{\pa y}=g(x,y,\alp(x,y))$ with $\alp(x,b)=$given
by 1st step.

ÀÌ°Í ¿ª½Ã O.D.EÀÌ¹Ç·Î À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇØ¸¦ Ã£À» ¼ö ÀÖ°í, local flow
theorem¿¡ ÀÇÇØ($\ccn$ dependence on initial data)  $\alp(x,y)$´Â
$x,y$¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸ðµÎ $\ccn$ ÀÌ´Ù.\\

(3rd step) À§¿¡¼­ Ã£Àº $\alp$°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î $(*)'$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦
È®ÀÎÇÏÀÚ. $(*)'$ÀÇ ¾Æ·§½Ä¿¡¼­ $\alp$¸¦ ¾ò¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀÌÁ¦ À­½ÄÀ»
¸¸Á·ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é µÈ´Ù.

Let $h(y)=\frac{\pa\alp}{\pa x}-f(x,y,\alp(x,y)) $. Then $h(b)=0$
and

$h'(y)=\pay\frac{\pa\alp}{\pa x}-(\frac{\pa f}{\pa y}+\frac{\pa f
}{\pa z}\frac{\pa \alp }{\pa y})\hs{3em} where\,\,\,z=\alp(x,y)$.

$\hs{2.5em}=\frac{\pa g}{\pa x}+\frac{\pa g}{\pa
z}\frac{\pa\alp}{\pa x}-(\frac{\pa f}{\pa y}+\frac{\pa f }{\pa
z}g)$

$\hs{2.5em}=\frac{\pa g}{\pa x}+\frac{\pa g}{\pa
z}(h+f)-(\frac{\pa f}{\pa y}+\frac{\pa f }{\pa z}g)$

$\hs{2.5em}=\frac{\pa g}{\pa z}h\hs{2em} by \,\,\,(*)$

$\therefore h'(y)=\frac{\pa g}{\pa z}h$     ;     O.D.E

±×·±µ¥ $h(y)\equiv 0$°¡ À§ ¹ÌºÐ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀÇ ÇØ°¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î, uniqueness¿¡
ÀÇÇØ $h(y)\equiv 0$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ 2nd step¿¡¼­ Ã£Àº $\alp$´Â ¹Ù·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ Ã£´ø ÇØ°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

´õ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº $\ccn$ distributionÀ» »ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ.

$\dc(p)=\dis{<\pauo+\sum_{i=1}^{l} f_1^i\frac{\pa}{\pa
u_{k+i}},\cdot\cdot\cdot,\frac{\pa}{\pa u_k}+\sum_{i=1}^{l}
f_k^i\frac{\pa}{\pa u_{k+i}}>}\equiv<X_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,X_k>$

integrability condition : $[X_i,X_j]=[\paui+\sum_{p}^{l}
f_i^p\frac{\pa}{\pa u_{k+p}}\,\,\,,\,\,\pauj+\sum_{q}^{l}
f_j^q\frac{\pa}{\pa
u_{k+q}}]\in \dc$\\

$\Rightarrow \sum_p(*)\frac{\pa}{\pa u_{k+p}}\in\dc$ $\therefore
(*)=0\,\,,\,\forall i,j.$

$(*)$¸¦ vector notation $f_j=(f_j^1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,f_j^l)$À»
ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ´Ù½Ã ¾²¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$\frac{\pa f_j}{\pa u_i}-\frac{\pa f_i}{\pa u_j}+\sum_q
f_i^q\frac{\pa f_j}{\pa x_q}-\sum_qf_j^q\frac{\pa f_i}{\pa
x_q}=0$, $x_q=u_{k+q}$  ($q=1,\cdot\cdot\cdot,l$).\\\\

\begin{thm}
Let $U\times V\subset\rb^k\times\rb^l=\{(u,x)\}$, with open $U$
and $V$, $k+l=n$ and $f_i:U\times V\rightarrow\rb^l$, $\ccn$
functions, $i=1,\cdot\cdot,k$. Then for each $(a,b)\in U\times V$,
$\exists W\subset U$, a neighborhood of $a$ and $\exists !
\alp:W\rightarrow V$ such that

\[  \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\alp(a)=&b  \\
              \frac{\pa\alp}{\pa u_i}(u)=&f_i(u,\alp(u))\,\,\,,\,\, u\in W.
\end{array} \right. \]\\

if and only if $(*)$ holds on $U\times V$.


\end{thm}

{\bf(Áõ¸í)} ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì º¸ÀÎ $(k,l)=(2,1)$ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í °°´Ù.


 Reference : Spivak p.254











  \end{document}
