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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Frobenius theorem(Global part)}
\begin{thm}
  Let $\dc$ be a $k$-dimensional $\ccn$-involutive distribution on
  $M$.

  For $\forall p\in M,\exists! $ maximal connected integral
  manifold $C$ of $\dc$ through $p$.

   Furthermore, if $M$ is 2nd
  countable, so is $C$.
  \end{thm}

  \begin{proof}
Local part·ÎºÎÅÍ °¢ $p\in M$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\exists (U,x) $ coordinate
chart such that $x(U)=(-\eps,\eps)^n$ and each slice

$S_a^U=\{q\in
U\,\,|\,\,(x_{k+1}(q),\cdot\cdot\cdot,x_n(q))=a=(a_{k+1},\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_n)\},|a_{k+j}|<\eps$


is a integral manifold.\\

(1) $\{S_{\alp}^U\}$ defines a coherent topology(or foliation
topology) $\mathcal{F}$ on $M$.

$\hs{2em}$(Each $S_{\alp}^U$ has a topology of $x(S_{\alp}^U)$):\\

Check : Topology of $S_{a}^U\cap S_{b}^V$ induced from $S_{a}^U$
 is the same as that from $S_{b}^V$ and open in $S_{a}^U$(and in
 $S_{b}^V$).\\

 **±×¸²24**\\

¸ÕÀú $S_{a}^U\cap S_{b}^V$ÀÇ topology´Â $x(S_{a}^U)$ÀÇ topology¸¦
°¡Á®¿Â °ÍÀÌ°í $y(S_{b}^V)$ÂÊµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ $M$À§ÀÇ chart
$x,y$·Î¼­ transition map $h=y\circ x\inv$Àº Á¤ÀÇ¿ª°ú Ä¡¿ª»çÀÌÀÇ
diffeomorphismÀÌ¹Ç·Î homeomorphismÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­  ÀÌ¸¦
$x(S_{a}^U\cap S_{b}^V)$¿¡ restrict½ÃÅ² °Í ¿ª½Ã
homeomorphismÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌµé°£ÀÇ topology´Â ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.



$S_{a}^U\cap S_{b}^V$°¡  $S_{a}^U$
 ,$S_{b}^V$ ¿¡¼­ openÀÌ¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀº?(Exercise)\\

 (2) À§¿¡¼­ ¾òÀº $(M,\fc)$´Â $M$ÀÇ k-dimensional submanifold°¡ µÇ°í $\dc$ÀÇ integral
 manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù  :  (1)¿¡¼­¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î $h|_{S_{a}^U\cap S_{b}^V}$´Â $\ccn$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
 $(S_a^U,x|_{S_a^U})$´Â submanifold°¡ µÇ°Ô ÇÏ´Â chart°¡ µÇ°í, $(M,\fc)$´Â ´ç¿¬È÷
 $\dc$ÀÇ integral manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

 (3) $C:=$a connected component of $(M,\fc)$ containing
 $p$.

 $\fc$´Â locally connected ÀÌ¹Ç·Î component $C$´Â open(in $\fc)$ÀÌ°í, (¶ÇÇÑ
 componentÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ closedÀÌ´Ù.) µû¶ó¼­ $C$´Â $\dc$ÀÇ integral
 manifold°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

 (4) Show $C$ is maximal and unique :

 $(N,\vphi)$¸¦  $p$¸¦ Áö³ª´Â ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ $\dc$ÀÇ connected integral manifold¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ ¶§ $\vphi:N\rightarrow(M,\fc)$°¡
 ¿¬¼ÓÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.(ÁÖÀÇ! $(M,\fc)\neq M$)



submanifold Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ $\vphi:N\rightarrow M $´Â $\ccn$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
continuousÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ðµç  cubic neighborhood $U_{\vphi(a)},a\in
N$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\exists W$,a connected neighborhood of $a$ such that
$\vphi(W)\subset U:=U_{\vphi(a)}$. ±×·±µ¥ $W$°¡ connected integral
manifoldÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\vphi(W)$Àº single slice¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ´Ù. Áï
$\vphi:W\rightarrow U$°¡ ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ°í slice°¡ $U$ÀÇ subspaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\vphi:W\rightarrow slice$ ´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\vphi:N\rightarrow(M,\fc)$°¡ continuousÀÓÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. (sliceÀÇ
topology ´Â ($M,\fc$)ÀÇ subspace topology¿Í °°À¸¹Ç·Î.)

¶ÇÇÑ $N$ÀÌ connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\vphi(N)$Àº maximal connected $C$ in
$(M,\fc)$ ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\vphi:N\rightarrow C$ Àº ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ°í
submanifold Àý¿¡¼­ Áõ¸íÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ¸íÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $\ccn$±îÁö µÈ´Ù.\\

$(C,i)$ is a submanifold of M,
 $\psi=i\circ\vphi:\ccn\,\,\,\,and\,\,\vphi(N)\subset C\,\,.$ Then

$\hs{1em}N\overset{\psi}{\rightarrow} M$

 $\hs{1em}\vphi\searrow\hs{1em}\uparrow i\hs{4em}\,\,\vphi$ is
 continuous$\Rightarrow\vphi$ is $\ccn.$

 $\hs{3em}C$\\


±×¸®°í $(N,\vphi)$´Â integral manifold Áï $M$ÀÇ submanifold°¡
µÇ¹Ç·Î 1-1ÀÌ µÇ°í nonsingular(Áï $\vphi_*:1-1$)ÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $
\vphi$´Â local diffeomorphismÀÌ µÇ°í  $\vphi(N)\subset C$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$(N,\vphi)$´Â $C$ÀÇ open embedded submanifold°¡ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $C$´Â
maximal, unique ÇÏ´Ù. (¸¸ÀÏ $N$ÀÌ maximalÇÏ´Ù¸é $\vphi$´Â global
diffeomorphismÀÌ
µÈ´Ù.)\\

(5) $M$ is 2nd countable$\Rightarrow C$ is also 2nd countable:

¸ÕÀú $M$ÀÌ 2nd countableÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\exists$ countable cubic chart
which give slice solutions of $\dc$ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌµéÀ»
$\{U_0,U_1\cdot\cdot\cdot\}$ ÀÌ¶ó µÎÀÚ. $C$°¡ path connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î
°íÁ¤µÈ $p\in U_0\cap C$¿Í ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ÇÑ Á¡ $q\in C$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p$¿Í $q$¸¦
ÀÕ´Â path°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ path À§ÀÇ °¢Á¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ  cubicµéÀÌ
¸¸µå´Â covering¿¡ ´ëÇØ finite subcover°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î $\exists$ a
sequence $U_0=U_{i_1},\cdot\cdot\cdot,U_{i_p}=U_i$, $q\in U_i$ for
some $U_i$ such that $(C\cap U_{i_r})\cap(C\cap U_{i_{r+1}})\neq
\emptyset$ and $p\in U_o\cap C$ and $q\in U_i\cap C$. µû¶ó¼­
´ÙÀ½¸¸ º¸ÀÌ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.\\

1. $\exists$ only countably many possible choices of each
sequence,

$U_0=U_{i_1},\cdot\cdot\cdot,U_{i_p}=U_i$ : ¿ø·¡ $U_j$°¡
countable°³ÀÌ°í ÀÌÁß¿¡¼­ finite°³¸¦ »Ì´Â °ÍÀÌ¹Ç·Î ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù.\\

2. A single slice $S$ of $U_j$ can intersect only countable many
slices of $U_k$ :

$S\cap U_k$´Â $S$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ°í $S$´Â 2nd countableÀÌ¹Ç·Î $S\cap
U_k$ ¿ª½Ã 2nd countableÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ $S\cap U_k$ÀÇ component¸¦
»ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ÀÌ´Â locally connectedÀÎ $S$ÀÇ open setÀÌ¹Ç·Î openÀÌ µÇ°í
 µû¶ó¼­ $S\cap U_k$´Â ¸¹¾Æ¾ß countable °³ÀÇ component¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
 ÀÌµé
 countable°³ÀÇ componentµéÀº $S$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ¹Ç·Î connected integral manifoldÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $U_k$ÀÇ single slice¾È¿¡
 Æ÷ÇÔµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï $U_j$ÀÇ single slice $S$°¡ ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
 $U_k$ÀÇ slice´Â ¸¹¾Æ¾ß countable°³ÀÌ´Ù.
  \end{proof}



\end{document}
