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\begin{document}
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\section*{Construction of new vector bundles from given ones}

{\bf General rule}: A functorial construction of a vector space
from given ones
gives rise to the corresponding vector bundle construction.\\

¿¹: º¤ÅÍ °ø°£¿¡¼­ Á¤ÀÇµÈ $*, \oplus , \otimes , \wedge , S ,
\cdots
$µéÀº functorial constructionÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ°ÍµéÀº vector bundleÀÇ °æ¿ì·Îµµ ±×´ë·Î È®ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ °¢°¢ÀÇ constructionÀ» »ìÆìº¸°Ú´Ù.\\

¸ÕÀú vector bundle\\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh$E = \dis{\bigcup_{p \in M} E_p}$ with $\{
\varphi_{U} \}$ and $\{
g_{UV}\} $\\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh\h$\downarrow \pi$\\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh\h$M$\\

°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ.\\

1. Dual bundle\\

a. total space: \\

¿ì¼± °¢°¢ÀÇ $E_p$´Â º¤ÅÍ°ø°£ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ½Ö´ë°ø°£(dual) $E_p^*$°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â°ÍÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÏ°í ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â $\pi^*$µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¤ÀÇ°¡ µÈ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ ¿ì¼± setÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ $E^*$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh$E^* = \dis{\bigcup_{p \in M} E_p^*}$ \\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh \h$\downarrow \pi^*$\\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh \h$M$\\
\newpage
b. local chart(local trivialization): \\

´ÙÀ½À¸·Î $E^*$ÀÇ local trivialization $\varphi_U^*$´Â $E$ÀÇ local
trivialization $\varphi_U : \pi^{-1} U \rightarrow U \times
\rb^n$À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °¢ point $p \in M$¿¡ ´ëÇØ ${\varphi_U}|_p : E_p
\rightarrow {p} \times \rb^n$À» ¾ò´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ dual map
$({\varphi_U}|_p)^* : {p} \times {\rb^n}^* \rightarrow {E_p}^*$ÀÌ
induceµÇ°í ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ $E^*$ÀÇ local trivialization\\

${\varphi_U^*}^{-1} : {\pi^*}^{-1} U \rightarrow U \times
{\rb^n}^*$\\

°¡ Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

c. transition:\\

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾ò¾îÁø local trivializationµé »çÀÌÀÇ
transitionÀ» »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.\\

${\varphi_U^*}^{-1} \cdot \varphi_V^* = (\varphi_V \cdot
\varphi_U^{-1})^* = ({(\varphi_U \cdot \varphi_V^{-1})^{-1}})^*
$\\

$g_{UV}^* (p) = {\varphi_U^*}^{-1} \cdot \varphi_V^* |_{p \times
{\rb^n}^*}$ and  $g_{UV} (p) = \varphi_U \cdot \varphi_V^{-1} |_{p \times \rb^n}$\\

$\therefore g_{UV}^* = ^t(g_{UV}^{-1})$ as matrices\\

Áö³­½Ã°£ÀÇ ¿¬½À¹®Á¦·ÎºÎÅÍ $g_{UV}$°¡ $\ccn$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í
ÀÌ°úÁ¤(inverse¸¦ ÃëÇÏ°í transpose¸¦ ½ÃÅ°´Â °úÁ¤)Àº algebraic
processÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\ccn$ÀÌ º¸Á¸µÇ¹Ç·Î $g_{UV}^*$µµ $\ccn$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
°°Àº ¿¬½À¹®Á¦·Î ºÎÅÍ ${\varphi_U^*}^{-1} \cdot \varphi_V^*$°¡
$\ccn$ÀÌ°í  $\{{\varphi_U^*}^{-1}\}$ °¡ $E^*$¿¡ $\ccn$ ±¸Á¶¸¦
ÁØ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.(ÀÌ°æ¿ì topology´Â ${\varphi_U^*}^{-1}$·Î
ºÎÅÍÀÇ coherent topology) Áï ÀÌ·¸°Ô Á¤ÀÇÇÑ dual bundleÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î $\ccn$ vector bundleÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.\\
\newpage
2. Direct sum\\

°°Àº base¸¦ °¡Áö´Â µÎ bundle $E \rightarrow M$(with
$\{\varphi_U\}, \{g_{UV}\} $), $F \rightarrow M$(with $\{\psi_U\},
\{h_{UV}\} $
ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ.\\

a. total space:\\
°¢°¢ÀÇ fibre $E_p$, $F_p$´Â º¤ÅÍ °ø°£ÀÌ¹Ç·Î direct sum $E_p \oplus
F_p $À» »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ \\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh$E \oplus F := \dis{\bigcup_p (E_p \oplus F_p)}$\\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh \h $\downarrow \pi $\\

\hhhh \hhhh \hhhh \h$M$\\

ÀÌ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

b. local trivialization:\\

$E$ÀÇ local trivialization $\varphi_U : \pi^{-1} U \rightarrow U
\times \rb^n$, $F$ÀÇ local trivialization $\psi_U : \pi^{-1}
U\rightarrow U\times \rb^m$ À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Õ¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ¸ÕÀú fiberwise
Á¤ÀÇµÈ map \\
$\varphi_U |_p \oplus \psi_U |_p : E_p \oplus F_p \rightarrow p
\times ( \rb^n \oplus \rb^m)$À» $\varphi_U |_p$¿Í $\psi_U |_p$·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò°í, ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ \\
$\varphi_U \oplus \psi_U : \pi^{-1} U\rightarrow U\times(\rb^n
\oplus \rb^m )$ ¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \\

c. transition:\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\hhh$E_p \oplus F_p $\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh$\overset{\varphi_U \oplus \psi_U} {\swarrow} \hhhh
\overset{\varphi_V \oplus \psi_V} {\searrow} $ \\

\hhhh\hhhh$p\times (\rb^n\oplus\rb^m)\ \overset{^{g_{UV}(p) \oplus h_{UV}(p)}}{\longleftarrow} p\times (\rb^n\oplus\rb^m)$\\

¿©±â¼­ $g_{UV} \oplus h_{UV}$´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Çà·Ä·Î ÁÖ¾îÁö¹Ç·Î
$g_{UV}$¿Í $h_{UV}$°¡ $\ccn$ÀÌ¸é $g_{UV} \oplus h_{UV}$°¡
$\ccn$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
\begin{displaymath} \left(\begin{array}{c|c}
 g_{UV}(p) & 0\\
\hline 0 & h_{UV}(p)
\end{array}\right)
\end{displaymath}
µû¶ó¼­ ¾Õ¿¡¼­ Ã³·³ $\{\varphi_U \oplus \psi_U \}$ÀÌ $\ccn$ vector
bundle structure¸¦ Àß Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.\\

3. Tensor product\\

a. total space:\\

°°Àº base¸¦ °¡Áö´Â µÎ bundle $E \rightarrow M$(with
$\{\varphi_U\}, \{g_{UV}\} $), $F \rightarrow M$(with $\{\psi_U\},
\{h_{UV}\} $)¿¡ ´ëÇØ direct sum°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î °¢°¢ÀÇ fibre $E_p$,
$F_p$´Â º¤ÅÍ °ø°£ÀÌ¹Ç·Î tensor product $E_p \otimes F_p $À» »ý°¢ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh$E \otimes F := \dis{\bigcup_{p \in M} E_p \otimes F_p}$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h$\downarrow \pi$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h$M$ \\

°¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\


b. local chart:\\

\hhhh\hhhh $\varphi_U \otimes \psi_U : \pi^{-1}(U) \longrightarrow
U \times
(\rb^n \otimes \rb^m)$\\

ÀÌ°Í ¿ª½Ã ¾Õ¿¡¼­ Ã³·³ °¢°¢ÀÇ Á¡ p¿¡¼­ pointwiseÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀÇµÈ
$\varphi_U|_p \otimes \psi_U|_p : E_p \otimes F_p \longrightarrow
{p}\times (\rb^n \otimes \rb^m )$À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò¾îÁö´Â mapÀÌ´Ù.\\

c. transition:\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\hhh$E_p \otimes F_p $\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh$\overset{\varphi_U \otimes \psi_U} {\swarrow}
\hhhh
\overset{\varphi_V \otimes \psi_V} {\searrow} $ \\

\hhhh\hhhh$p\times (\rb^n\otimes\rb^m)\ \overset{^{g_{UV}(p) \otimes h_{UV}(p)}}{\longleftarrow} p\times (\rb^n\otimes\rb^m)$\\

$g_{UV}$¸¦ $(g_{ij})$·Î, $h_{UV}$´Â H·Î ³ªÅ¸³»ÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é $g_{UV}
\otimes h_{UV}$´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº
$nm \times nm$Çà·Ä·Î ÁÖ¾îÁö¹Ç·Î\\

\begin{displaymath}
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
g_{11}H & g_{12}H & \ldots\\
g_{21}H & g_{22}H & \ldots\\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\end{array} \right)
\end{displaymath}
$g_{UV}$¿Í $h_{UV}$°¡ $\ccn$ÀÌ¸é $g_{UV} \otimes h_{UV}$°¡
$\ccn$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
\\
\\
4. Exterior product\\

a. total space:\\

ÁÖ¾îÁø bundle $E \rightarrow M$(with $\{\varphi_U\}, \{g_{UV}\}
$)¿¡ ´ëÇØ $E_p$´Â vector spaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\bigwedge^r (E_p)$À» »ý°¢ÇÒ
¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ \\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\ $\bigwedge^r (E) := \dis{\bigcup_{p \in M}} {\bigwedge}^r (E_p)$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h $\downarrow \pi$ \\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h $M$\\

°¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

´õ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î  $\bigwedge(E) = \oplus \bigwedge^r (E)$Àº
$\bigwedge^r (E)$¸¸ ¾Ë¸é direct sumÀ» ÅëÇØ
¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\ $\bigwedge(E) = \oplus \bigwedge^r (E)$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h $\downarrow \pi$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h $M$ \\

b. local chart:\\

°¢°¢ÀÇ Á¡ p¿¡¼­ pointwiseÇÏ°Ô $\bigwedge^r ( \varphi_U|_p ) :
\bigwedge^r ( E_p ) \longrightarrow {p}\times \bigwedge^r ( \rb^n
)$ÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁö°í, ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ local trivialization\\

\hhhh\hhhh$\bigwedge^r ( \varphi_U ) : \pi^{-1}(U) \longrightarrow
U \times
\bigwedge^r  (\rb^n )$ \\

ÀÌ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

c. transition:\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\hhh$\bigwedge^r (E_p)$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhh$\overset{\bigwedge^r (\varphi_U |_p)} {\swarrow}
\hhhh
\overset{\bigwedge^r (\varphi_V |_p)} {\searrow} $ \\

\hhhh\hhhh$p\times (\bigwedge^r (\rb^n)) \overset{^{\bigwedge^r
(g_{UV} (p))}}{\longleftarrow}
 p\times (\bigwedge^r (\rb^n))$\\

±×¸®°í $\bigwedge^r (g_{UV})$Àº $g_{UV}$°¡ p¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
$\ccn$mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\ccn$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
\\
\\
5. Pullback bundle \\

a. total space:\\

ÁÖ¾îÁø vector bundle $E \rightarrow M$(with $\{\varphi_U\}$)¿Í
 $\ccn$ map $f:N \rightarrow M $¿¡ ´ëÇØ pullback bundleÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ $p
\in N$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $f(p)\in M$¿¡¼­ÀÇ vector space $E_{f(p)}$¸¦
´ëÀÀ½ÃÅ²´Ù. Áï pullback bundleÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù. \\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh $f^* E := \dis{\bigcup_{p \in N} E_{f(p)}}$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h $\downarrow \pi$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h $N$\\

b. local chart:\\

$f(p)$ÀÇ ±Ù¹æ U¿¡ ´ëÇØ \\

\hhhh\hhhh $f^*\varphi_U : f^*E|_{f^{-1} (U)} \longrightarrow
f^{-1}(U)
\times \rb^n$ \\

Àº °¢°¢ÀÇ Á¡ $p \in N$¿¡¼­ pointwiseÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀÇµÈ map\\

\hhhh\hhhh $f^* E|_p = E_{f(p)} \overset{\varphi_U|_{f(p)}}
{\longrightarrow} f(p) \times \rb^n = p \times \rb^n$\\

À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

c. transition:\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh\h$f^* E|_p := E_{f(p)}$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\hhhh$\overset{\varphi_U|_{f(p)}} {\swarrow} \hhhh
\overset{\varphi_V|_{f(p)}}  {\searrow} $ \\

\hhhh\hh$p\times \rb^n = f(p)\times \rb^n
\overset{^{g_{UV}(f(p))}} {\longleftarrow}
f(p)\times \rb^n = p\times \rb^n$\\

¿©±â¼­ $g_{UV}$¿Í $f$°¡ °¢°¢ $\ccn$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $f^* g_{UV} := g_{UV}
\circ f$´Â $\ccn$ÀÌ´Ù.\\



\end{document}
