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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{Tensor fields and Forms}
Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ $T^r(TM)$À» $T^r(M)$À¸·Î $T^s(T^*M)$Àº $T_s(M)$À¸·Î
¾²±â·ÎÇÏÀÚ.

¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ°ÍµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ´ÙÀ½À» Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

$T_s^r(M):=T^r(M) \otimes T_s(M)$ ; tensor bundle of type (r,s)\\

\begin{defn}
A {\bf $\ccn$-section} $\sig$ of a vector bundle $E
\overset{\pi}{\longrightarrow} M$ over $U^{open} \subset M $ is a
$\ccn$-map $\sig : U \rightarrow E$ s.t. $\sig(p) \in E_p, \;
\forall p \in U $, i.e. $\pi \circ \sig = id$\\

$\ccn(M,E) := $ space of $\ccn$-sections.\\

A {\bf $\ccn$-frame} for $E$ over $U \subset M$ is a collection
$\{ \sig_1, \cdots , \sig_n \}$ of $\ccn$ sections over $U$ s.t.
$\{ \sig_1(p), \cdots , \sig_n(p) \}$ is a basis for $E_p$,
$\forall p \in U $.
\end{defn}

{\bf Note}: $U$À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ frameÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº $U$¿¡¼­
trivializationÀ»°¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í°ú µ¿Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù.\\

\begin{proof}
$\Leftarrow$) local chart °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº isomorphism
$\pi^{-1}U \overset{\varphi_U}{\longrightarrow}$ $U \times
\rb^n$ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ $\rb^n$ÀÇ Á¤±Ô±âÀú $e_1, \cdots,
e_n$µéÀ»
$\varphi^{-1}$·Î º¸³»¸é frameÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù.\\

$\Rightarrow$) frameÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î $\pi^{-1}U$ÀÇ Á¡µéÀº $\sum v^i
\sig_i (x)$·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ Á¡À» $U \times \rb^n$À§ÀÇ Á¡
$(x, v^1, \cdots, v^n)$À¸·Î º¸³»´Â mapÀ» »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ÀÌ mapÀº local
chart°¡ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °³³äµéµµ Á¤ÀÇ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

1. $TM$ÀÇ sectionÀ» vector field¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.

\h $T^*M$ÀÇ sectionÀ» 1-formÀÌ¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.

\h $\bigwedge^p(T^*M)$ÀÇ sectionÀ» p-formÀÌ¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.

\h $T_s^r(M)$ÀÇ sectionÀ» tensor field of type (r, s)ÀÌ¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.\\

2. coordinate chart $(U, x)$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© bundleÀÇ smooth structure
Á¤ÀÇ·Î ºÎÅÍ

\h $\{\frac{\pa}{\pa x^1}, \cdots ,\frac{\pa}{\pa x^n} \}$ Àº
$TM$ÀÇ $U$À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ $\ccn$-frame ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

\h $\{dx^1, \cdots ,dx^n \}$ Àº $T^*M$ÀÇ $U$À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ $\ccn$-frame
ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\

{\bf Remark}: Åë»óÀûÀ¸·Î tensor notationÀ» ¾µ ¶§¿¡ covariantÇÑ
index¸¦ ¾Æ·¡Ã·ÀÚ·Î, contravariantÇÑ index´Â À§Ã·ÀÚ·Î Ç¥±âÇÏ¸é
Æí¸®ÇÏ±â ¶§¹®¿¡(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î summation¿¡¼­ dummy index¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\sum$À» »©°í ¾²´Â Einstein notation µîÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ±â¿¡ Æí¸®)
$\frac{\pa}{\pa x_i}$, $dx_i$´ë½Å¿¡ $\frac{\pa}{\pa
x^i}$, $dx^i$·Î ¾²±âµµ
ÇÑ´Ù.\\

\h Exterior bundle, tensor bundleÀÇ construction°ú smooth
structureÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ·Î ºÎÅÍ $\{dx^I \}$ Àº $\bigwedge^p(T^*M)$ÀÇ local
chart $U$À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ $\ccn$-frame ÀÌ µÇ°í,

(¿©±â¿¡¼­ $I$´Â multi-index·Î¼­ Áï $I = (i_1, i_2, \cdots, i_p)$ ,
$i_1 < i_2 < \cdots < i_p$ÀÌ°í  $dx^I = dx^{i_1}\wedge dx^{i_2}
\wedge \cdots \wedge dx^{i_p}$ÀÌ´Ù.)\\

\h $\{ \frac{\pa}{\pa x^{i_1}} \otimes \cdots \otimes
\frac{\pa}{\pa x^{i_r}} \otimes dx^{j_1} \otimes \cdots \otimes
dx^{j_s} \}$ Àº $T_s^r(M)$ÀÇ $U$À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ $\ccn$-frame ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\


{\bf Note}: $U$À§ÀÇ $\ccn$-frame $\{\sig_1, \cdots, \sig_n\}$ÀÌ
ÁÖ¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ section $\sig$Àº $\dis{\sum_i f^i
\sig_i}$À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é $\sig$°¡ $\ccn$ÀÌ¶ó´Â °Í°ú
°¢°¢ÀÇ $i$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$f^i$°¡ $\ccn$($p$¿¡ °üÇÑ ÇÔ¼ö·Î¼­)ÀÌ¶ó´Â °ÍÀº µ¿Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù.\\

\begin{proof}
) ¾Õ Note·Î ºÎÅÍ ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

¿¹) $\alp$: p-form,\\
$\alp$ is $\ccn$ $\Leftrightarrow$ for some $(U,x)$, $\alp |_U =
\sum \alp_I dx^I $ where $\alp_I$ is $\ccn$.\\
\\

{\bf Notation}: For a smooth vector bundle $E \rightarrow M$,\\

\h$\Gamma(E) = \ccn(M,E)$ = the space of smooth global sections of E\\

\h$\ccn(M,TM)$ = $\mathcal{X}(M)$ = the space of $\ccn$ vector
fields \\


\h$\ccn(M,\rb)$ = $\mathcal{F}(M)$ = the space of $\ccn$ functions on M\\

\h$\ccn(M,\bigwedge^r(T^*M))$ = $\mathcal{E}^r(M)$ = the space of
r-forms \\

\h$\ccn(M,T_s^r(M)) = \mathcal{T}_s^r(M)$ = the space of tensor fields of type (r,s)\\

\newpage
3. View an r-form $\alpha \in \mathcal{E}^r(M)$ as an alternating
$\mathcal{F}$-linear map:\\

\h$\alpha \in \mathcal{E}^r(M)$ÀÏ ¶§ $\alpha$¸¦ alternating
$\mathcal{F}$-linear map $\alpha : \underbrace{
\mathcal{X}\times\cdots
\times\mathcal{X}}_{r}\longrightarrow\mathcal{F}$À¸·Î

\h º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­\\

\h$\alpha(X_1,\cdots,X_r)(p) := \alpha_p(X_1(p),\cdots,X_r(p))$

\h for $\alpha_p \in
\bigwedge^r(T_p^*M)=(\bigwedge^r(T_pM))^*=A_r(T_pM)$
\footnote[1]{recall $\bigwedge^r(V^*)=(\bigwedge^rV)^*=A_r(V)$}(¾Æ·¡°¢ÁÖ1)\\

\h locally $\alpha = \Sigma\alpha_I dx^I \Longrightarrow
\alpha(X_1,\cdots,X_r$) is clearly $\ccn$ .\\

\h ´õ¿íÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ·Î ºÎÅÍ $\alpha$°¡  $\mathcal{F}$ -linear, i.e.
$\alpha(X_1,\cdots,fX_i,\cdots,X_r) =
f\alpha(X_1,\cdots,X_i,\cdots,X_r)$

\h ÀÓÀ» °ð ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\
\\
Conversely $\forall \mathcal{F}$-linear alternating map is an r-form:\\

\h Given $\alpha : \mathcal{F}$-linear, alternating and $ X_1,
\cdots ,X_r \in T_pM$¿¡ ´ëÇØ

\h $\alpha_p(X_1,\cdots,X_r) :=
\alpha(\widetilde{X_1},\cdots,\widetilde{X_r})(p)$ for
$\widetilde{X_i}:\ccn$-extension of $X_i$¶ó Á¤ÀÇÇÏ

\h ÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é $\alpha_p \in \bigwedge^r(T^*_pM)=A_r(T_pM)$ÀÌ´Ù. \\

\h ÀÌÁ¦ $\alpha(\widetilde{X_1},\cdots,\widetilde{X_r})(p)$°¡
extensionÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ´Â °ÍÀ»

\h º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\

\h $(*)$ $X_1, \cdots,X_r \in \mathcal{X}, X_1(p)=0$ÀÏ ¶§
$\alpha(X_1,\cdots,X_r)(p)=0$ÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸

\hh ÀÌ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é $\widetilde{X}'$ÀÌ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥
extensionÀÌ¶ó
ÇÒ ¶§\\

\hh $ X_1(p)=\widetilde{X_1}(p)=\widetilde{X_1}'(p)
\Longrightarrow(\widetilde{X_1}-\widetilde{X_1}')(p)=0$\\

\hh ±×·¯¸é $(*)$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ\\

\hh
$\alpha(\widetilde{X_1},\widetilde{X_2},\cdots,\widetilde{X_r})(p)
=
\alpha(\widetilde{X_1}',\widetilde{X_2},\cdots,\widetilde{X_r})(p)
=
\alpha(\widetilde{X_1}',\widetilde{X_2}',\cdots,\widetilde{X_r})(p)$

\hh = $\cdots =
\alpha(\widetilde{X_1}',\widetilde{X_2}',\cdots,\widetilde{X_r}')(p)$°¡
¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\
\\
\newpage

\h ±×·¯¸é $(*)$¸¦ º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\

\h $X_1 = \Sigma a_i\frac{\pa}{\pa x^i}$ on U$\Longrightarrow
X_1(p) = \Sigma a_i(p)\frac{\pa}{\pa x^i}|_p = 0 \Longrightarrow
a_i(p) = 0 \h \forall i$\\

\h Let $\varphi$ be a bump function  s.t. $\varphi(x) = 1 ~for~x
\in $K (K compact neighborhood

\h $ \subset U$) and  $\varphi(x) = 0 ~for~x \in
U^c$\\

\h$X_1 = {\varphi}^2 X_1 + (1 - {\varphi}^2)X_1=\Sigma(\varphi
a_i)(\varphi \frac{\pa}{\pa x^i}) + (1 - {\varphi}^2)X_1$\\

\h$\alpha(X_1,\cdots,X_r)(p) = \Sigma (\varphi
a_i)(p)\cdot\alpha(\varphi \frac{\pa}{\pa x^i},X_2,\cdots,X_r)(p)
+
(1-{\varphi}^2)(p)\cdot\alpha(X_1,\cdots,X_r)(p)$\\

\hhhh\hhhh\h =0 \h ($\because a_i(p)=0$ and $(1-{\varphi}^2)(p) =0$) \\



\end{document}
