
\documentclass[12pt ]{article}
\setlength{\textwidth}{14 true cm} \setlength{\textheight}{20 true
cm}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{hangul}
\usepackage{amscd,amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb,theorem}
\usepackage{longtable}

\newcommand{\dis}{\displaystyle}
\newcommand{\disi}{\displaystyle{\sum_{i=1}^n}}
\newcommand{\disj}{\displaystyle{\sum_{j=1}^m}}
\newcommand{\pa}{\partial}
\newcommand{\Aff}{\mbox{\it Aff}}
\newcommand{\aff}{\mbox{\it aff}}
\newcommand{\cb}{\mathbb{C}}
\newcommand{\cc}{\mathcal{C}}
\newcommand{\ccn}{\mathcal{C}^{\infty}}
\newcommand{\sbb}{\mathbb{S}}
\newcommand{\rb}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\rc}{\mathcal{R}}

\newcommand{\hhhh}{\hspace{4em}}
\newcommand{\hhh}{\hspace{3em}}
\newcommand{\hh}{\hspace{2em}}
\newcommand{\h}{\hspace{1em}}

\newcommand{\alp}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\bet}{\beta}
\newcommand{\del}{\delta}
\newcommand{\gam}{\gamma}
\newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\eps}{\epsilon}
\newcommand{\lam}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\kap}{\kappa}
\newcommand{\sig}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\ome}{\omega}
\newcommand{\Gam}{\Gamma}
\newcommand{\Ome}{\Omega}
\newcommand{\Sig}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\Del}{\Delta}
\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lambda}


\newtheorem{thm}{Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{cor}[thm]{µû¸§Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{º¸Á¶Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{¸íÁ¦}
\newtheorem{cl}{Claim}

{\theorembodyfont{\rm}
\newtheorem{ex}{¿¹}
\newtheorem{que}{Áú¹®}
\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}[section]
\newtheorem{defn}{Á¤ÀÇ}
\newtheorem{rem}{ÁÖ}
\newtheorem{note}{Note}
}
\renewcommand{\thenote}{}
\renewcommand{\therem}{}

\newenvironment{proof}{{\bf Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}
\newenvironment{proof1}{{\bf Á¤¸®Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}

\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{deRham cohomology}

ÀÌ¹ø¿¡´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹è¿î exterior differential operator $d$¸¦ °¡Áö°í
cohomology¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇØ º¸°Ú´Ù.\\

¸ÕÀú $M^n$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ chain complex¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

$0 \; \rightarrow \; \mathcal{E}^0 (M) \; \overset{d}{\rightarrow}
\; \mathcal{E}^1 (M) \; \overset{d}{\rightarrow} \; \mathcal{E}^2
(M) \; \overset{d}{\rightarrow} \; \cdots \;
\overset{d}{\rightarrow} \;
\mathcal{E}^n (M) \; \rightarrow \; 0$\\

( vector spaceµé $V_i$(´õ ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î module)ÀÇ sequence¿¡¼­ $d^2 =
0$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â vector space homomorphism $d: V_i \rightarrow
V_{i+1}$ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì chain complex¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.)\\

ÀÌ°æ¿ì °¢°¢ÀÇ stage $\mathcal{E}^p$¿¡¼­ $\mbox{im}\; d $¿Í
$\mbox{ker} \;d$¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é $d^2=0$ÀÇ Á¶°Ç ¶§¹®¿¡ $\mbox{im}\; d
\subset \mbox{ker}\; d$°¡ ¸¸Á·µÊÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$B_p := \mbox{im}\; d = \{\mbox{exact p - forms}\}$ ¿Í $Z_p :=
\mbox{ker}\; d =\{\mbox{closed p - forms}\}$·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ.

ÀÌÁ¦ p-th deRham cohomology $H^p (M)$À» Á¤ÀÇ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

$H^p (M) = Z_p / B_p$\\

Áï deRham cohomology¶õ exact°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ closed formµéÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹ÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ÃøÁ¤(measure)ÇÏ´Â Ã´µµ°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

ex) closed form ÀÌ¸é¼­ exact formÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿¹\\

¸ÕÀú $M = \rb^2 \setminus O$ ¿¡¼­ °¢µµ ÇÔ¼ö $\theta$´Â globalÇÏ°Ô
Á¤ÀÇµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. (branch cutÀ» »ý°¢) ±×·¯³ª localÇÏ°Ô´Â Ç×»ó
$\theta$°¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇ µÇ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ

$\alp = d \theta$ ¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é $d$ °¡ localÇÑ °³³äÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\alp$´Â
Àß(globalÇÏ°Ô)Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.

±×·±µ¥ $\alp$´Â ¸¶Ä¡ exactÃ³·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ $\theta$°¡ globalÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀÇ
µÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ $\alp$´Â exact°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

¹Ý¸é¿¡ $d \alp$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é localÇÏ°Ô $d^2 \theta$°¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î $0$ÀÌ
µÇ°í µû¶ó¼­ $\alp$´Â closedÀÌ´Ù.

$H^1(\rb^2 \setminus O) = <\alp>$\\

ÀÌÁ¦ 0¹øÂ° cohomology¿¡ °üÇØ »ý°¢ÇØº¸¸é ker ÀÌ trivialÀÌ¹Ç·Î

$H^0 (M) = Z_0 (M)$ ÀÌ µÇ´Âµ¥ $Z_0$ÀÇ ¿ø¼Ò¶õ ´Ù¸§¾Æ´Ñ locally
constant functionµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Æ¯º°È÷ $M$ÀÌ connectedÀÎ
°æ¿ì¶ó¸é

locally constant $\Rightarrow$ constant ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $H^0(M) = \{
\mbox{constant functions on M} \}$ÀÌ°í

ÇÑÆí$\{ \mbox{constant functions on M} \} \cong \rb $ÀÌ¹Ç·Î\\

$H^0(M) = \rb$¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.\\

´ÙÀ½ Á¤¸®´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑµ¥ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼ö¾÷¿¡¼­´Â ÀÏ´Ü Fact·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°í
Áõ¸íÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.\\

\begin{thm}
(de Rham Theorem)

$H_{deRham}^p (M) \cong H_{sing}^p (M, \rb) $

(where $H_{sing}^p$ is the singular cohomology).
\end{thm}

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ÀÌ·¸°Ô Á¤ÀÇÇÑ $H^p$µéÀº manifoldµéÀÇ category¿¡¼­ group
category·Î °¡´Â functor(Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô´Â contravariant functor)°¡ µÊÀ»
»ìÆìº¸°Ú´Ù.\\

¸ÕÀú manifold»çÀÌÀÇ map  $\varphi : M \rightarrow N ; \ccn$¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿©

$\varphi^* : \mathcal{E}(N) \rightarrow \mathcal{E}(M)$°¡ algebra
homorphismÀÌ µÇ°í $\varphi^* \circ d = d \circ \varphi^*$ÀÌ
¼º¸³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì »ìÆìº¸¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ±×´ë·Î $H^p(N)$,
$H^p(M)$»çÀÌÀÇ mapÀ¸·Î È®ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Âµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ »ç½Ç
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.\\

$\varphi^* Z_p (N) \subset Z_p (M)$

$\varphi^* B_p (N) \subset B_p (M)$\\

Áï $\varphi^*$´Â closedness¿Í exactness¸¦ º¸Á¸ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. (ÀÌ
»ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ¸íÀº diagram chasingÀ¸·Î ¹Ù·Î ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.)\\


$0 \; \rightarrow \; \mathcal{E}^0(M) \; \rightarrow \; \cdots \; \rightarrow \; \mathcal{E}^{i-1}(M) \; \rightarrow \;
\mathcal{E}^i(M)\; \rightarrow \;\mathcal{E}^{i+1}(M)\; \rightarrow \; \cdots$\\

$\hhhh \uparrow^{\varphi^*}\hhhh \hhh \uparrow^{\varphi^*} \hhhh \uparrow^{\varphi^*} \hhhh \uparrow^{\varphi^*}$\\

$0 \; \rightarrow \; \mathcal{E}^0(N) \; \rightarrow \; \cdots \;
\rightarrow \; \mathcal{E}^{i-1}(N) \; \rightarrow \;
\mathcal{E}^i(N)\; \rightarrow \;\mathcal{E}^{i+1}(N)\; \rightarrow \; \cdots$\\

±×·¯¹Ç·Î $\varphi^* : H^p (N) = Z_p (N) / B_p (N) \rightarrow
Z_p(M) / B_p (M) = H^p (M)$À» Á¤ÀÇ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

(Á»´õ formalÇÏ°Ô´Â $\varphi$´ë½Å¿¡ $H^p (\varphi)$ )

±×¹ÛÀÇ Á¶°Çµé(identity ¸¦ identity·Î º¸³»´Â °Í, compositionÀ»
º¸Á¸ÇÏ´Â °Í µî)µµ ÀÚ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¼º¸³ÇÏ¹Ç·Î $H^p$°¡ contravariant
functor°¡ µÊÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


\end{document}
