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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{Topology of Manifold and Partition of Unity}
\begin{thm}{\rm
Let $M$ be a connected Hausdorff $\ccn$-manifold, then the
followings are equivalent.\\
(1) $M$ is paracompact. \\
(2) $\forall \mathcal{U} $, an open covering of $M$, $\exists $ a
partition
of unity subordinate to $\mathcal{U}$,\\
\hspace*{3ex} i.e., $\exists f_\alpha~:~ M \rightarrow [0,1], \ccn, \forall \alpha \in A$, such that\smallskip\\
 \hspace*{7ex} a) $\{suppf_\alpha~|~ \alpha \in A\}$ forms a locally
finite closed refinement of $\mathcal{U}$\\
 \hspace*{7ex}  b) $\displaystyle{\sum_\alpha} f_\alpha \equiv
 1$\\
(3) $M$ admits a Riemannian metric.\\
(4) $M$ is metrizable.\\
(5) $M$ has a compact exhaustion, \\\hspace*{3ex} i.e., $\exists$
a sequence of open sets $U_1, U_2,\cdots$  such
that\\\hspace*{7ex} $\overline{U_i}$ is compact ,
$\overline{U_i}\subset U_{i+1}$, $\forall i$ and $
M=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{i=1}^\infty U_i}$. \\
(6) $M$ is $\sigma$-compact, i.e., $M$ is a countable union of
compact sets.\\(7) $M$ is a countable union of coordinate
charts.\\(8) $M$ is $2^{\textrm{nd}} $ countable.

 }
\end{thm}
Á¤¸®¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ±â¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ Á¤¸®¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ¸î°¡Áö °³³äµéÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù.
\begin{defn} A topological space $X$ is
\emph{\textbf{paracompact}} if every open covering of $X$ has a
locally finite refinement.
\end{defn}

ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î, $\mathcal{V}$°¡ $\mathcal{U}$ÀÇ refinement¶ó´Â °ÍÀº
$\mathcal{V}=\{V_\beta\}, \mathcal{U}=\{U_\alpha\}$¶ó°í ÇßÀ» ¶§,
ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $\beta$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $V_\beta\subset U_\alpha$°¡ µÇ´Â
$\alpha$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ°í, ¿©±â¼­ open coveringÀÇ refinement´Â
refinementÀÌ¸é¼­ µ¿½Ã¿¡ open coveringÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ
open coveringÀÌ locally finiteÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀÓÀÇÀÇ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
Àû´çÇÑ open neighborhood°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© coveringÀÇ À¯ÇÑ°³ÀÇ open
setµé°ú ¸¸³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

\begin{defn} A \emph{\textbf{Riemannian metric}} $g$ is a
$\ccn$ tensor field of type (0,2) which is symmetric and
positive definite, \\
\hspace*{3ex} i.e., $g(X,Y)=g(Y,X)$, \hh $\forall X,Y \in
\mathcal{X}$,\\
\hspace*{7ex} $g(X,X)\geq 0 $,\\
\hspace*{7ex} $g(X,X)=0$ iff $X=0$.
\end{defn}

\begin{defn} A topological space $X$ is \emph{\textbf{metrizable}}
if there exists a metric $d$ on the set $X$ where metric topology
is the same as the topology of $X$.
\end{defn}
\newpage
\begin{proof1}

{\bf ((1)$\Rightarrow$(2))} \\
{\bf Step 1.}(Shrinking lemma)\\
Given $\mathcal{U}=\{U_\alpha~|~\alpha\in A\}$, an open cover,
construct $\mathcal{V}=\{V_\alpha~|~\alpha\in A\}$, locally
finite(possibly $V_\alpha =\phi$) such that $V_\alpha\subset
\overline{V_\alpha}\subset U_\alpha$. \\
\begin{proof}
$\forall p\in M$, $\exists O_p$ s.t. $p\in O_p
\subset\overline{O_p}\subset U_\alpha $ for some $\alpha$.\\
$M$ÀÌ paracompactÇÏ¹Ç·Î, $\mathcal{O}=\{O_p\}$ÀÇ locally finite
open refinement°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÌ¸¦ $\mathcal{N}=\{N_\beta\}_{\beta\in
B}$¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. Áï, °¢°¢ÀÇ $N_\beta$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $N_\beta \subset
O_p$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $p$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, $N_\beta\subset O_p
\subset\overline{O_p}\subset U_\alpha $¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $\alpha$°¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í $\alpha=\varphi(\beta)$¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é, ÇÔ¼ö $\varphi~:~ B\to
A$ °¡ Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù. (À§ ¼ºÁúÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $\alpha$°¡ ¿©·¯ °³ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸é ±×
Áß
ÇÏ³ª¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù.)\\
ÀÌÁ¦, °¢°¢ÀÇ $\alpha\in A$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$V_\alpha=\bigcup\{N_\beta~|~\varphi(\beta)=\alpha\}$·Î
Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é(possibly $V_\alpha=\phi$),
$\mathcal{V}=\{V_\alpha~|~\alpha\in A\}$´Â $\mathcal{U}$ÀÇ locally
finite open refinement°¡ µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Claim¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
$\overline{V_\alpha}=\overline{\bigcup
N_\bet}=\bigcup{\overline{N_\bet}} \subset
\bigcup\overline{O_p}\subset U_\alpha$°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÏ¹Ç·Î
$V_\alpha\subset \overline{V_\alpha}\subset U_\alpha$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.
\end{proof}
\\

Claim.  1) $\{F_i~|~ i\in I \} $, a locally finite collection of
closed sets $\Rightarrow $ $ \bigcup F_i$ is closed.\\
\hspace*{7ex} 2) $\mathcal{N}=\{N_\beta\}$ locally finite
$\Rightarrow$
$\overline{\mathcal{N}}=\{\overline{N_\beta}\}$, locally finite.\\
Áõ¸í. \h easy exercise\\

{\bf Step 2.}(special case)\\
Suppose $\mathcal{U}=\{U_\alpha~|~\alpha\in A\}$, where
$\overline{U_\alpha}$ is compact $\forall \alpha$. Then there
exists a partition of unity subordinate to $\mathcal{U}$.\\
\begin{proof}
step 1À» µÎ¹ø Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© $\mathcal{V}=\{V_\alpha~|~\alpha\in A\}$¿Í
$\mathcal{W}=\{W_\alpha~|~\alpha\in A\}$¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù. Áï, °¢°¢ÀÇ
$\alp$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, $W_\alp\subset\overline{W_\alp}\subset
V_\alp\subset\overline{V_\alp}\subset
U_\alp\subset\overline{U_\alp}$.\\[2mm]
\underline{Claim} (bump
function) $C^{compact}\subset U^{open} \Rightarrow \exists
 \ccn$-function $f$ s.t. $f(C)=1$ and $f(U^c)=0$.\\
\begin{proof} $\forall p \in C$, $\exists f_p$ : $\ccn$ s.t.
$f_p>0$ on a neighborhood $U_p\subset U$ and 0 on $U^c$. Choose a
finite subcover $\{U_{p_1},\cdots, U_{p_n}\} $ of $C$. $f_{p_i}$´Â
$U_{p_i}$¿¡¼­ positiveÀÌ¹Ç·Î, compact set $C$À§¿¡¼­
$f_{p_1}+\cdots+f_{p_n}>\delta$ÀÎ ¾ç¼ö $\delta$¸¦ ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇÔ¼ö $\varphi$¸¦
\begin{displaymath}
\varphi : \ccn \h \textrm{ and }\h \varphi=\{
\begin{array}{l} 1 \h \textrm{ if } x\geq\delta \\ 0\h\textrm{ if } x\leq 0 \end{array}
\end{displaymath}
¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é, $f=\varphi\circ(f_{p_1}+\cdots+f_{p_n})$°¡ ±¸ÇÏ°íÀÚ
ÇÏ´Â ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\[2mm]
\vspace{2mm} À§ Claim¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© $g_\alp(\overline{W_\alp})=1$ and
$g_\alp({V_\alp}^c)=0$ÀÎ $g_\alp$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, $supp~ g_\alp\subset
\overline{V_\alp}\subset U_\alp$ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $
\{\overline{V_\alpha}~|~\alpha\in A\}$°¡ locally finite
refinementÀÌ¹Ç·Î, \\ $\{supp~ g_\alpha ~|~ \alpha \in A\}$µµ
locally finite refinement°¡ µÇ°í, $f_\alp=\frac{g_\alp}{\sum
g_\alp}$·Î µÎ¸é a), b) Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â partition of unity°¡ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Step 3.}\\
$C^{closed}\subset U^{open} \Rightarrow \exists f~:M\to [0,1]$,
$\ccn$ s.t. $f(C)=1$ and $f(U^c)=0$.\\
\begin{proof}
$M$ÀÌ locally compactÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÓÀÇÀÇ
$p\in C$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $\overline{V_p}$°¡ compactÀÌ°í
$\overline{V_p}\subset U$ÀÎ open neighborhood $V_p$¸¦
ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \\
¶ÇÇÑ, $M-C$ÀÇ open cover $\{V_\bet~|~\bet\in B\}$¸¦
$\overline{V_\bet}$°¡ compactÀÌ°í $V_\bet\subset M-C$°¡ µÇµµ·Ï
ÇÏ³ª ÀâÀ¸¸é, $\{V_p, V_\bet ~|~ p\in C  , \bet\in B\}$´Â $M$ÀÇ
open coverÀÌ°í Step 2ÀÇ °¡Á¤À» ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ²´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ partition of
unity $\{f_p, f_\bet\}_{p\in C,
\bet\in B}$ subordinate to $\{V_p, V_\bet\}$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. \\
ÀÌÁ¦, $f=\displaystyle{\sum_{p\in C}}f_p$·Î µÎ¸é, $f(C)=1$ and
$f(U^c)=0$À» ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Step 4.}(general case) \\
Step 2ÀÇ Áõ¸í¿¡¼­ Claim ´ë½Å Step 3¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íµÈ´Ù. \\

{\bf ((2)$\Rightarrow$(3))} \\
$M$À» coverÇÏ´Â coordinate chart¸¦
$\mathcal{U}=\{U_\alp\}_{\alp\in A}$¶ó°í µÎ°í, °¢°¢ÀÇ $U_\alp$¿¡
coordinate vector field $\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}$°¡
orthonormalÇÏµµ·Ï local Riemannian metric $g_\alp$¸¦ ÁÖÀÚ. Áï,
\begin{displaymath}
g_\alp(\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i},\frac{\partial}{\partial
x_j})=\del_{ij}.
\end{displaymath}
$\{f_\alp\}_{\alp\in A}$¸¦ partition of unity subordinate to
$\mathcal{U}$¶ó°í ÇÏ°í, $p\in M$¿¡¼­ $g$¸¦
\begin{displaymath}
g(X,Y)=\sum_{\alp \in A} f_\alp(p) g_\alp (X,Y), \h X,Y\in T_pM
\end{displaymath}
·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é, $g$´Â $M$ÀÇ Riemannian metricÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\
ÀÌ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ¸ÕÀú $g$°¡ smooth, symmetric, bilinear°¡
µÊÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù. $g_\alp (X,X)\geq 0$¿Í $f_\alp\geq 0$¿¡¼­
$g(X,X)\geq 0$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, $g(X,X)=0$ÀÌ¸é
$f_\alp(p)>0$ÀÎ $\alp$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î $g_\alp(X,X)=0$°¡ µÇ¾î
$X=0$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, $g$´Â Riemannian metricÀÌ´Ù. \\

(Âü°í) (3)ÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â manifold¸¦ Riemannian manifold¶ó°í
ºÎ¸¥´Ù.\\

{\bf ((3)$\Rightarrow$(4))} \\
Piecewise $\cc^1$ curve $\sig$ÀÇ ±æÀÌ¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.\\
\begin{displaymath}
l(\sig)=\int^b_a \big|\frac{d\sig}{dt}\big|dt, \hh where \
\big|\frac{d\sig}{dt}\big|=\sqrt{g\big(\frac{d\sig}{dt},\frac{d\sig}{dt}\big)}
\end{displaymath}
ÀÌÁ¦, $M$ÀÇ metric $d$¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.
\begin{displaymath}
d(x,y):= \inf \{l(\sig)~|~all\ possible\ piecewise\ \cc^1\ curve\
\sig\
 from \ x\ to \ y\}
\end{displaymath}
ÀÌ¶§, $d$°¡ $d(x,y)\geq 0$, $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$, $d(x,y)+d(y,z)\geq
d(x,z)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÏ°í, (4)¸¦ º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ¼­´Â $d(x,y)=0
\Rightarrow x=y$¿Í $d$¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© induceµÈ topology°¡ ¿ø·¡
topology¿Í
°°À½À» º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù.\\

(a) locally, on a compact coordinate ball, \\
$\exists c,~ C>0$ s.t. $c\|X\|\leq|X|\leq C\|X\|$, $\forall
X=a_1\frac{\partial}{\partial
 x_1}+\cdots+a_n \frac{\partial}{\partial x_n}$,\\
  where
 $|X|=\sqrt{g(X,X)}$ and $\|X\|=\sqrt{a_1^2+\cdots+a_n^2}$.\\
\begin{proof}
$\mathcal{X}$ÀÇ orthonormal basis¸¦ $\{e_i\}$¶ó°í
ÇÏ°í, $\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}=\sum a_{ij}e_i$·Î µÎÀÚ. ¶ÇÇÑ,
$G=(g_{ij})$ where $g_{ij}=g(\frac{\partial}{\partial
x_i},\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j})$
¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é, $G=A^tA$°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\
µû¶ó¼­, \\[1mm]
$\hspace*{2em} |X|^2 = g(X,X)=\displaystyle{\sum_{i,j}}
g_{ij}a_{i}a_j
=X^tGX=X^tA^tAX=(AX)^t(AX) \\[1mm]
 \hspace*{9ex}
=\|AX\|^2\leq\|A\|^2\|X\|^2\leq
C\|X\|^2 $ for some $C$\\[1mm]
ÀÌ´Ù. \\ ¶ÇÇÑ, $|~|$°ú $\|~\|$ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¸é ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊÀÇ ºÎµî½ÄÀ»
¾ò´Â´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

(b) ÀÓÀÇÀÇ compact ball¿¡¼­ (a)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© $cl_E(\sig)\leq l(\sig)
\leq C l_E(\sig)$ °¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù. ($l_E$´Â Euclidean metric¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±æÀÌ)\\
µû¶ó¼­, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $x,y\in M$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $c\|x-y\|\leq d(x,y)\leq
C\|x-y\|$°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ ºÎµî½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, $d(x,y)=0 \Rightarrow
x=y$¿Í $d$-topology=manifold topologyÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

{\bf ((4)$\Rightarrow$(5))} \\
$\forall p\in M$, let $r(p)=\frac{1}{2}
\sup\{r~|~\overline{B_r(p)} \
is \ compact. \}$.\\
$M$ÀÌ locally compactÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $r(p)>0$ÀÌ°í, ¾î¶² $p$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$r(p)=\infty$ÀÌ¸é ´ç¿¬È÷ (5)°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÏ¹Ç·Î, $0<r(p)<\infty$¶ó°í
ÇÏÀÚ.\\[2mm]
{\bf Claim 1.} $r~:~M\to\rb$ is continuous.\\
\begin{proof}
$\overline{B_r(x_1)}\subset\overline{B_{r+d}(x_2)}, \
d=d(x_1,x_2)$ (by triangular inequality), $\forall r$ \\[1mm]
$\Rightarrow \overline{B_{r-d}(x_1)}\subset\overline{B_{r}(x_2)}$, $\forall r$\\
 $\Rightarrow r(x_1)\geq r(x_2)-\frac{1}{2}d$\\
$x_1$°ú $x_2$ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¸é, $r(x_2)\geq r(x_1)-\frac{1}{2}d$.
µû¶ó¼­, $|r(x_1)-r(x_2)|\leq \frac{1}{2}d(x_1,x_2)$¸¦ ¾ò°í, $r$ÀÌ
¿¬¼ÓÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Claim 2.} $A\subset M$, $A$ compact $\Rightarrow
\widetilde{A}=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{a\in A}}
\overline{B_{r(a)}(a)}$ is compact.\\
\begin{proof}
 $\{z_i\}^\infty_{i=1}$¸¦ $\widetilde{A}$ÀÇ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ sequence¶ó°í
ÇÏÀÚ.\\
°¢°¢ÀÇ $z_i$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© $z_i\in\overline{B_{r(y_i)}(y_i)}$ÀÎ $y_i\in
A$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, $\{y_i\}^\infty_{i=1}$´Â $A$ÀÇ sequenceÀÌ°í, $A$°¡
compact setÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $A$¿¡¼­ ¼ö·ÅÇÏ´Â subsequence¸¦ °®´Â´Ù. ÀÌ
subsequence¸¦ $\{y_j\}$, $y_j \to y$¶ó°í ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â
$\{z_i\}$ÀÇ subsequence¸¦ $\{z_j\}^\infty_{j=1}$¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ.(¾ÆÁ÷ $z_j$ÀÇ ¼ö·Å¼ºÀº Áõ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.) \\
$\overline{B}:=\overline{B_{\frac{3}{2}r(y)}(y)}$¶ó°í Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é,
$r$ÀÌ ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ¹Ç·Î, ÃæºÐÈ÷ Å« $j$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$\overline{B_{r(y_j)}(y_j)}\subset\overline{B}$°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\
ÀÌÁ¦, $z_j\in \overline{B_{r(y_j)}(y_j)}\subset\overline{B}$ÀÎ
$z_j$¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é, ÀÌ´Â $\overline{B}$¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â $\{z_j\}$ÀÇ
subsequenceÀÌ°í, $\overline{B}$°¡ compactÀÌ¹Ç·Î,
$\overline{B}$¿¡¼­ ¼ö·ÅÇÏ´Â subsequenceÀ» °®´Â´Ù.
ÀÌ subsequence¸¦ $\{z_k\}$, $z_k \to z$¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ.\\
ÀÌÁ¦ $0<\eps<\frac{1}{2}$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
$\overline{B}_\eps:=\overline{B_{(1+\eps)r(y)}(y)}$¶ó°í Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é,
¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î $\{z_k\}$´Â $\overline{B}_\eps$¿¡¼­ ¼ö·ÅÇÏ´Â
subsequence¸¦ °®°í, µû¶ó¼­ $z\in\overline{B}_\eps$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
 °á±¹
$z\in\displaystyle{\bigcap_{0<\eps<\frac{1}{2}}\overline{B}_\eps=\overline{B_{r(y)}(y)}\subset\widetilde{A}}$
ÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $\widetilde{A}$´Â compact setÀÌ´Ù. \\
($M$ÀÌ metrizableÀÌ¹Ç·Î sequentially compact¿Í compact°¡
µ¿Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù.)
\end{proof}\\

ÀÌÁ¦, $A_1=\{x_0\}$, $A_{n+1}=\widetilde{A_n}$ÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏ°í,
$M=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty} A_n$ÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏÀÚ.\\
$A=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty} A_n$ is open in $M$ :\\
Let $U_{n+1} := \displaystyle{\bigcup_{a\in A_n}} B_{r(a)}(a)$.
Then $U_n$ is open and $A_n\subset U_{n+1}\subset A_{n+1}$. \\
$\therefore A=\bigcup U_n$ : open.\\

$A=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty} A_n$ is closed in $M$ :\\
$x\in \overline{A}\Rightarrow\exists y\in A$ s.t.
$d(x,y)<\frac{2}{3}r(x)$ \\
$r(y)\geq r(x)-\frac{1}{2}d(x,y)>r(x)-\frac{1}{3}r(x)=\frac{2}{3}
r(x)>d(x,y)$\\
So, $y\in A_n\Rightarrow x\in B_{r(y)}(y)\Rightarrow
x\in\widetilde{A_n}=
A_{n+1}\subset A$\\
$\therefore A$ : closed.\\

µû¶ó¼­, $A=M$ÀÌ°í, °á±¹ $A_n$ÀÌ $M$ÀÇ compact exhaustionÀÌ µÈ´Ù. \\

{\bf ((5)$\Rightarrow$(1))} \\
$M=\bigcup\overline{G_i}$, $\overline{G_i}^{compact}\subset
{G_{i+1}}^{open}$¶ó µÎÀÚ.\\
Let $\mathcal{U}=\{U_\alp\}$ be an open cover of $M$.\\
For each $i$, $\overline{G_{i+1}}-G_i$ : compact \\ $\Rightarrow
\exists$ a finite subcover
$U_{\alp_1}^{(i)},\cdots,U_{\alp_k}^{(i)}$
\\ $\Rightarrow
V_{\alp_j}^{(i)}=U_{\alp_j}^{(i)}\cap(G_{i+2}-\overline{G_{i-1}})$
: cover of $\overline{G_{i+1}}-G_i$ \\
Then $\mathcal{V}$, the collection of all such $V_{\alp_j}^{(i)}$,
is a locally finite open refinement of $\mathcal{U}$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
   \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.6,clip=true]{grp1.eps}}
\end{figure}

{\bf ((5)$\Rightarrow$(6))} Clear. \\


{\bf ((6)$\Rightarrow$(5))} \\
$M=\displaystyle{\bigcup^\infty_{i=1}}K_i$, where $K_i$ is
compact.\\
$M$ : locally compact Hausdorff space \\
$\Rightarrow K_1$ has a
neighborhood $U_1$ with compact $\overline{U_1}$.\\
$\Rightarrow \overline{U_i}\bigcup K_2$ has a
neighborhood $U_2$ with compact $\overline{U_2}$.\\
\hspace*{3ex}\vdots\\
 $\therefore M=\displaystyle{\bigcup^\infty_{i=1}}U_i$ with
 $\overline{U_i}\subset U_{i+1}$.\\

\bigskip
{\bf ((6)$\Rightarrow$(7))} \\
$M=\displaystyle{\bigcup^\infty_{i=1}}K_i$, where $K_i$ is
compact.\\
°¢°¢ÀÇ $K_n$Àº À¯ÇÑ°³ÀÇ coordinate ball·Î µ¤À» ¼ö ÀÖ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $M$
ÀüÃ¼¸¦ countable coordinate ball·Î µ¤À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

{\bf ((7)$\Rightarrow$(8))} \\
°¢°¢ÀÇ coordinate ballÀÌ $2^{\textrm{nd}} $ countableÀÌ°í, $M$Àº
coordinate
ballÀÇ countable unionÀÌ¹Ç·Î $2^{\textrm{nd}} $ countableÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf ((8)$\Rightarrow$(6))} \\
$\forall p\in M$, take a coordinate neighborhood $U_p$ with compact $\overline{U_p}$.\\
$\exists V_p$ : basic open set s.t. $p\in V_p\subset U_p$
$\Rightarrow$ $\overline{V_p}\subset\overline{U_p}$, and hence
$\overline{V_p} $ is compact\\
Then, $M=\bigcup\overline{V_p}$ and $\{\overline{V_p}\}$ is
countably many.
\end{proof1}
\begin{cor}
{\rm Let $M$ be a (\emph{\textbf{not necessarily connected}})
Hausdorff $\ccn$-manifold, then the
followings are equivalent.\\
(1) $M$ is paracompact. \\
(2) $\forall \mathcal{U} $ an open covering of $M$, $\exists $ a
partition
of unity subordinate to $\mathcal{U}$.\\
(3) $M$ admits a Riemannian metric.\\
(4) $M$ is metrizable.\\
(5) Each component of $M$ has a compact exhaustion.\\
(6) Each component of $M$ is $\sigma$-compact.\\
(7) Each component of $M$ is a countable union of coordinate
charts.\\
(8) Each component of $M$ is $2^{\textrm{nd}} $ countable.

 }
\end{cor}
\begin{proof}

(1)$\Leftrightarrow$Each component of M is paracompact.(Clear by definition, $M$ÀÌ locally connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î °¢ component´Â openÀÌ´Ù.) \\
(2)$\Leftrightarrow$Each component has property (2) (trivial) \\
(3)$\Leftrightarrow$Each component has property (3) (trivial) \\
(4)$\Leftrightarrow$Each component has property (4) :
\begin{sub}{   }
($\Rightarrow$) clear \\
($\Leftarrow$) $M$ÀÇ °¢ component¸¦ $(M_i,d_i)$¶ó°í ÇÏ°í, »õ·Î¿î
metric $\widetilde{d_i}=\frac{d_i}{1+d_i}$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é,
$\widetilde{d_i}$´Â $d_i$¿Í °°Àº topology¸¦ ÁÖ°í,
$\widetilde{d_i}(x,y)<1$ÀÌ´Ù. \\
ÀÌÁ¦, $M$ÀÇ metric $d$¸¦
\begin{displaymath}
d(x,y) =\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\widetilde{d_i}(x,y), & \textrm{if } x,y \textrm{\hspace*{1ex}are
in
the same component $M_i$} \\
1\hspace{6ex} ,& \textrm{otherwise}
\end{array}
\end{displaymath}
·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é, $d$´Â manifold topology¿Í °°Àº topology¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.
\end{sub}
\bigskip
°¢ component¿¡¼­´Â (1)~(8)ÀÌ µ¿Ä¡ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î Áõ¸í³¡.
\end{proof}
\end{document}
