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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{ 3. Classical versions in $\rb^n$.}

{\bf 1. dim $M$=1 and orientable.}\\

**±×¸² 9-1**\\

Stokes Á¤¸® $\int_Md\ome=\int_{\pa M}\ome$ ¿¡¼­ $\ome$´Â 0-form
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù. Áï $f:M\rightarrow\rb$ ·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¸é
$\dis{\int_Mdf=\int_{\pa M}f}$ °¡ µÈ´Ù. $\pa M$ Àº À§ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ µÎ
Á¡ $P,Q$°¡ µÇ°í ¿©±â¿¡ orientationÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ¼­ $\int_{\pa
M}f=f(Q)-f(P)$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î $M$ÀÌ
$\sigma:\rb\rightarrow\rb^3$À¸·Î ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â °æ¿ì ÀÌ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.


$\dis{\int_Mdf=\int_{[a,b]}\sigma^*(df)=\int_a^b\sigma^*(df)}$

$\dis{\hs{2.7em}=\int_a^bd(f\circ\sigma)=\int_a^b\frac{d}{dt}
(f\circ\sigma)dt=(f\circ\sigma)(b)-(f\circ\sigma)(a)}$

$\hs{2.7em}=f(Q)-f(P)$\\

ÀÌ´Â ¹ÌÀûºÐÇÐÀÇ ±âº»Á¤¸®¿Íµµ °°´Ù.\\

{\bf 2. dim $M=2,M\subset\rb^2$ with standard orientation.}\\

**±×¸² 9-2**\\

¿©±â¼­ÀÇ $\ome$´Â $\rb^2$¿¡¼­ÀÇ 1-formÀÌ°í ÀÌ¸¦ $\ome:=Pdx+Qdy$·Î
¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á÷Á¢ °è»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $\dis{d\ome=(\frac{\pa Q}{\pa
x}-\frac{\pa P}{\pa y})dx\we dy}$ ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×·¯¸é
$\rb^2$¿¡¼­ÀÇ Stokes Á¤¸®´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â Green Á¤¸®¿Í °°À½À» ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

$\hs{8em}\dis{\int_M(Q_x-P_y)dxdy=\int_{\pa M}Pdx+Qdy}$\\

{\bf 3. dim $M=2,M\subset\rb^3$}.\\

**±×¸² 9-3**\\

¸ÕÀú $\rb^3$¿¡ standard orientationÀ¸·Î
ÁÖ°í $ M$ÀÇ orientationÀ» normal vectorÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀÚ.\\

$\ome$°¡ 1-formÀÏ °æ¿ì $\ome=Pdx+Qdy+Rdz$ ¶ó µÎ¸é Á÷Á¢ °è»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ

$d\ome=(R_y-Q_z)dy\we dz-(P_z-R_x)dx\we dz+(Q_x-P_y)dx\we dy$ ÀÌ°í

µû¶ó¼­ $\rb^3$¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.

$\dis{\int_M (R_y-Q_z)dy\we dz-(P_z-R_x)dx\we dz+(Q_x-P_y)dx\we
dy=\int_{\pa M} Pdx+Qdy+Rdz}$.\\

ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¹ÌÀûºÐÇÐ Ã¥¿¡¼­ º¸´Â ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ´õ ¹Ù²Ù·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÏ¸é
µÈ´Ù.

$"d\sigma"$¸¦ $M$»óÀÇ Riemannian volume formÀÌ¶ó µÎÀÚ. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇØ
ÇÑ Á¡ $p\in M$¿¡¼­ $(v_1,v_2)$¸¦ $T_p M$ÀÇ positive orthonormal
basis¶ó µÎ°í $(\eps_1,\eps_2)$¸¦ ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ dual basis¶ó µÎ¾úÀ» ¶§
$"d\sigma":=\eps_1\we\eps_2$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ $\nu$ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â
positive orthonormal basisÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡ ¹«°üÇÏ´Ù.({\bf Exercise})

ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² 2-form $\eta=ady\we dz-bdx\we dz+cdx\we dy$°¡
ÁÖ¾îÁö¸é Àû´çÇÑ $f$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\eta=f"d\sigma"$·Î ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ°í vector
field $G=(a,b,c)$¶ó µÎ¸é


$$ f=\eta(v_1,v_2)=\left|\begin{array}{1} a\hs{1em}b\hs{1em}c
\\ v_1\\v_2 \end{array} \right|=G\cdot(v_1\times v_2)=G\cdot N $$





À¸·Î Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ $N=v_1\times v_2$Àº $M$»óÀÇ
orientation¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÈ unit normal vector field°¡ µÈ´Ù.

Æ¯È÷ ÀÌ ½Ä¿¡¼­ $N=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$¶ó µÎ¸é $G$ ´ë½Å $N$À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©
$"d\sigma"=(N\cdot N)"d\sigma"=a_1dy\we dz-a_2dx\we dz+a_3dx\we
dy$°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ $\ome=Pdx+Qdy+Rdz$, vector field $F=(P,Q,R)$¶ó µÎ¸é

$d\ome=(Q_x-P_y)dx\we dy-(P_z-R_x)dx\we dz+(R_y-Q_z)dy\we dz$

$\hs{1.2em}:=adx\we dy-bdx\we dz+cdy\we dz$

¶ó µÎ¸é $\nabla\times F=(a,b,c)$°¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î À§¿¡¼­
$d\ome=(\nabla\times F)\cdot N"d\sigma"$ °¡ µÇ°í

$\dis{\int_Md\ome=\int_M(\nabla\times F)\cdot N"d\sigma"}$ °¡
µÈ´Ù.\\

ÇÑÆí $\pa M$»ó¿¡¼­ induced orientation ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î unit tangent
vector¸¦ $T$¶ó µÎ¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ dual $"ds"$°¡ Riemannian orientation
volume formÀÌ µÇ°í $\ome=g"ds"$¶ó µÎ¸é $g=\ome(T)=F\cdot T$°¡ µÇ¾î
$\dis{\int_{\pa M}\ome=\int_{\pa M}(F\cdot T)"ds"}$ °¡ µÈ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ Stokes Á¤¸®´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.\\

$\dis{\int_M\nabla\times F\cdot Nd\sigma=\int_{\pa M}F\cdot
Tds}$.\\\\


{\bf 4. dim $M=3, M\subset\rb^3$}.\\

**±×¸² 9-4**\\

$\ome$°¡ 2-formÀÏ °æ¿ì $\ome=ady\we dz-bdx\we dz+cdx\we dy$¶ó µÎ¸é

$d\ome=(a_x+b_y+c_z)dx\we dy\we dz$ °¡ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ¸¦ Stokes Á¤¸®¿¡
´ëÀÔÇÏ¸é

$\dis{\int_M(a_x+b_y+c_z)dx\we dy\we dz=\int_{\pa M}ady\we
dz-bdx\we dz+cdx\we dy}$.\\

À§ÀÇ ½ÄÀ» vector notationÀ¸·Î Ç¥½ÃÇÏÀÚ. Áï $F=(a,b,c)$¶ó µÎ¸é
¾Õ¿¡¼­ $\ome=F\cdot N"d\sigma"$°¡ µÇ°í $d\ome= (div F)dx\we dy\we
dz$°¡ µÇ¾î Stokes Á¤¸®´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.

$\dis{\int_M (div F)dx dy dz=\int_{\pa M}F\cdot N"d\sigma"}$\\

ÀÌ´Â ¹ß»êÁ¤¸®(Gauss Á¤¸®)ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.



\end{document}
