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\begin{document}
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  \section*{Nowhere Differential function}

    ÀÌ¹øÀå¿¡¼­´Â $[0, 1]$¿¡¼­ $\mathbb{R}$·Î °¡´Â nowhere
    differentiable continuous functionÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ.

    (½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÔ¼öµéÀº denseÇÏ°Ô Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÔ¼öµéÀÇ
    ÁýÇÕÀº ÇÔ¼ö°ø°£ÀÇ dense subsetÀÌ µÇ¸ç µû¶ó¼­ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
    ÇÔ¼öµé·Î ±Ù»ç½ÃÅ³¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.)

    $\mathcal{C}:=\mathcal{C}([0, 1], \mathbb{R})$ with sup metric
    $d(f, g) = \displaystyle{\max_{x\in I} |f(x)-g(x)|}$

    $\Rightarrow$ $\mathcal{C}$´Â complete metric space.

    $\Rightarrow$ $\mathcal{C}$´Â Baire space.\\

    ÁÖ¾îÁø $\alp \gg 0$, $0 < h \ll 1$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½À» Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

    $\displaystyle{\Del f(x, h)= \max(\left| \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}\right|, \left| \frac{f(x-h)-f(x)}{-h} \right|)}$

    and $$U(\alp, h)=\{f \in \mathcal{C} \mid \Del f(x, h) \geq \alp, \forall x\}$$

    *Åé³¯ ÇÔ¼ö $f$ÀÇ typicalÇÑ ¸ð½À\\

    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    %
    %
    %  ±×¸²
    %
    %
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

    $U_n = \bigcup\{U(\alp, h)\mid \alp >n , h < \frac 1 n \}$¶ó°í
    ÇÏÀÚ.\\
    
    ±×·±µ¥ $\displaystyle{f \in \bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n}$ ÀÌ¸é
    $f$´Â nowhere differentiable functionÀÌ µÈ´Ù:\\

    $\because$ $\forall n$, $f \in U_n$

    $\Rightarrow$ $\forall n$, $\exists \alp_n > n$, $h_n < \frac 1
    n$ such that $f \in U(\alp_n, h_n)$

    $\Rightarrow$ $\forall n$, $\Del f(x, h_n) \geq \alp_n > n$, $\forall x \in I$

    $\Rightarrow$ $\forall x \in I$, $\displaystyle{\lim_{h \rightarrow 0} \Del f(x, h)}$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö
    ¾Ê´Â´Ù.\\


    ¸¸ÀÏ $f$°¡ ¹ÌºÐ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é  $\displaystyle{\lim_{h \rightarrow 0} \Del f(x, h)}=|f^{\prime}(x)|$ °¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $f$°¡ ¾î´ÀÁ¡¿¡¼­µµ ¹ÌºÐ°¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\\\

    ÀÌÁ¦ $\displaystyle{\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n}$°¡ denseÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.
    
    $\mathcal{C}$°¡ Baire¶ó´Â ¼ºÁú·ÎºÎÅÍ $U_n$ÀÌ open dense¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é ¾ÕÀåÀÇ
    Á¤¸®¿¡ÀÇÇØ $\displaystyle{\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n}$°¡ denseÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö
    ÀÖ´Ù.
    
    {\bf Claim 1}. $U_n$ is open:\\

    \textbf{(Áõ¸í)} $f \in U_n \Rightarrow f \in U(\alp, h)$ for some $\alp >
    n$, $h < \frac 1 n$.
    ÀÌÁ¦ Àû´çÇÑ $\epsilon$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $d(f, g)<\epsilon \Rightarrow g \in U_n$ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

    $\mid \Del f(x,h) - \Del g(x,h)\mid \leq \left| \frac{f(x+h)-g(x+h)-(f(x)-g(x))}{h} \right|
    \leq \frac{2 \epsilon}{h}.$

    ¸¸ÀÏ $\epsilon = \frac{h(\alp - n)}{4}$À¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é
    $\mid \Del f - \Del g \mid \leq \frac{\alp - n }{2}$µÇ°í

    $n < \alp - \frac{\alp - n}2 \leq \Del f - \frac{\alp - n}2
    \leq \Del g \leq \Del f + \frac{\alp -n}2$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\

    {\bf Claim 2}. $U_n$ is dense:\\

    \textbf{(Áõ¸í)} ÁÖ¾îÁø $g \in \mathcal{C}$, $\epsilon > 0$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©
    $d(f, g)<\epsilon$ ÀÎ $f \in U_n$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.     
    $diam (g([x_i, x_{i+1}])) < \frac \epsilon 2$À» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â
    $[0, 1]$ÀÇ partitionÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.

    ±×·¯¸é °¢ $[x_i, x_{i+1}] \times g[x_i, x_{i+1}]$
    ºÎºÐÀ» $U_n$¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â Àû´çÇÑ Åé³¯ ÇÔ¼öµé·Î ´ëÃ¼ÇØ¼­ ¿¬°áÇØµµ $U_n$¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù. ÀÌ¶§ °üÂû Æ÷ÀÎÆ®´Â Åé³¯ÇÔ¼ö $f$¿¡¼­ ÇÑ ÀÛÀº Åé³¯ÀÇ °æ»ç¼±ºÐÀÇ ±â¿ï±âµé Áß °¡Àå ÀÛÀº °ªÀ» $\alp$·Î, ¶Ç ÀÌ ¼±ºÐÀ» ºøº¯À¸·Î °¡Áö´Â Á÷°¢»ï°¢ÇüÀÇ ¹Øº¯À» $1/2$ º¸´Ù ÀÛÀº $h$¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é $f \in U(\alp, h)$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.    
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