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\begin{document}
\section*{Orientation}
\begin{defn}
For each point p in a plane, there are two different choices of
rotations, namely clockwise and counter-clockwise. The choice of
one rotation is called an \textit{orientation at p}.

 (Or equivalently, choice of ordered basis $(e_1,e_2)$ at p, such
 that the rotation from $e_1$ to $e_2$ matches up the given
 orientation. In this case $(e_1,e_2)$ and $(b_1,b_2)$ give the
 same orientation iff det A $>$ 0 where $(e_1,e_2)A=(b_1,b_2)$.)
\end{defn}

ÀÌ basis¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº º¸´Ù ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀÎ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ orientationÀ»
Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÁØ´Ù.

\begin{defn}
Let M be a surface (with or without boundary). Since M is locally
Euclidean(i.e., plane), each point of M has a two choices of
orientation. M is called \textit{orientable} if we can select a
"continuous"(i.e locally constant) choice of orientation at each
point.
\end{defn}
{\bf ¿¹.} $\textbf{R}^2$ (or any open subset of $\textbf{R}^2$)
is orientable.\\\\
{\bf SurfaceÀÇ $\,\,\,$orientation.}\\
1. $S^2$ : $\textbf{R}^3$ ÀÚÃ¼´Â  orientableÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÇÑ
orientation(¿¹ÄÁµ¥ ¿ì¼ö°è)¸¦ °íÁ¤½ÃÄÑ ³õÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é normal vector
N°ú $S^2$ÀÇ orientationÀÌ ÇÕÇÏ¿© $\textbf{R}^3$ÀÇ orientationÀ»
À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î normal vector¸¦ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÀâÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸é $S^2$ÀÇ orientationÀ» ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\textbf{R}^3$¿¡ embeddedµÈ surface¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â orientableÀÌ³Ä
¾Æ´Ï³Ä ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº  normal vector¸¦ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³Ä
¾Æ´Ï³Ä¿Í °°´Ù. $S^2$ÀÇ °æ¿ì normal vector¸¦ ÀÏÁ¦È÷ ¹Ù±ù ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î
ÀâÀ¸¸é ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ¹Ç·Î orientbleÀÌ´Ù.\\
2. $T^2$ : À§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ¹Ç·Î ¿ª½Ã orientableÀÌ´Ù.\\
3. M\"{o}bius band : normal vectorÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ¹Ç·Î
non-orientable. \\\
{\bf Exercise.} Continuous choice of orientation Àº °¢ coordinate
chartÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡ ¹«°üÇÏ´Ù. (ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â Annulus Thm À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦·Î ±ÍÂøÇÑ´Ù. Let
$$
A = \{x /in \mathbb{R}^2 \,|\,1\leq||x||\leq2\}\textrm{ and } S_r=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^2\,|\,||x||=r\}.
$$
Suppose an orientation on each of $S_r$, $r=1,2$ is given. Then a homeomorphism of $A$ preserves or changes the orientations of both of $S_r$ simultaneously.)
 \\
{\bf Note.} \textit{Orientability is a topological invariant.}\\\\
{\bf Orientation through triangulation.}\\
{\bf 1.} Suppose M has a triangulation. Then M is orientable if
and only if the two "induced orientation" on each edge from two
neighboring triangles are opposite.

Áï, µÎ ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ »ï°¢Çü¿¡¼­ÀÇ orientationÀÌ °øÅë edge¿¡¼­ »ó¼âµÇ°Ô
ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù¸é ÀÌ µÎ »ï°¢Çü¿¡¼­ÀÇ orientationÀº ¼­·Î °°´Ù. ´Ù½Ã¸»ÇØ
¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î µÎ orientationÀÌ ¿¬°áµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¸ðµç
»ï°¢Çü¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© orientationÀ» ÁÖµÇ °øÅë edge¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î »ó¼âµÉ ¼ö
ÀÖ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é MÀº orientatableÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.\\

%
%    ±×¸² µé¾î°¥ ÀÚ¸®~
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$\hspace{-2em}\,\,\,\,$ {\bf 2}. Suppose M is obtained from
polygon identifying each pair of edges. The same idea applies.

Áï ¼­·Î identifyµÇ´Â ¹Ù±ù edgeµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­¸¸ induced orientationÀÌ cancel µÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é µÈ´Ù.\\
(±×¸²ÂüÁ¶)
\begin{prop} M is non orientable if and only if M contains a
M\"{o}bius band.
\end{prop}
\begin{proof} $\Leftarrow$) Clear. MÀÇ triangulation°ú °¢ »ï°¢Çü¿¡ orientationÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÁÖ´øÁö
M\"{o}bius bandÀÇ Áß½É¼±À» µû¸¥ triangulation¿¡¼­´Â °¢ »ï°¢ÇüÀÇ
orientationÀÌ °øÅë edge¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î cancelµÇ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù.\\$\Rightarrow$) Let $M = D / \sim$. ( D is a polygon.) We
extend an orientation at a point in D toward the boundary in a
unique way. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °ÍÃ³·³ DÀÇ boundary¸¦ identifyÇÏ´Â Á¤º¸¿¡
µû¶ó ½Ã°è¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÄÁµ¥ $\cdot\cdot\cdot a \cdot\cdot\cdot a'
\cdot\cdot\cdot$ Ã³·³ ³ª¿­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô
identifyÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó $a'=a^{\pm1}$ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ MÀÌ
non-orientable ÇÏ¸é ÀÌµé ³ª¿­¿¡¼­ induced orientationÀÌ ¼­·Î
»ó¼âµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â edge°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ¹Ç·Î ¾î¶² edge $a$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\cdot\cdot\cdot a \cdot\cdot\cdot a \cdot\cdot\cdot$ ¿Í °°ÀÌ
µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í ÀÌ $a$¸¦ µÎ º¯À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â »ç°¢ÇüÀ» µµ·Á³»¾î $a$¸¦
identify ÇØ º¸¸é M\"{o}bius band°¡ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{cor} M is a closed(i.e.,compact without boundary)
surface.
\\$\Rightarrow$ M = $ T^2 \sharp T^2 \cdot\cdot\cdot \sharp T^2 $ if M is orientable, and

$\hspace{1em} = P^2 \sharp P^2 \cdot\cdot\cdot \sharp P^2 $ if M is non-orientable.
\end{cor}

\end{document}
