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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Product and topological group }

\begin{thm}
If X and Y are path connected, then $\pi_1(X \times Y,(x_0,y_0))
\cong \pi_1(X,x_0) \times \pi_1(Y,y_0)$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Define $\phi : \pi_1(X \times Y, (x_0,y_0))\rightarrow
\pi_1(X,x_0)\times \pi_1(Y,y_0)$ ,

$\hspace{10em}\{\alpha\}\hspace{3em}\mapsto \,\,\,\,(\{p_1 \circ
\alpha\},\{p_2 \circ \alpha\})$

where $p_1,p_2$ are projections to X and Y respectively.

ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î µÎ homomorphism $\phi_1 : G\rightarrow H_1 ,\,\, \phi_2
: G \rightarrow H_2$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\phi(g) = (\phi_1(g),\phi_2(g)) : G
\rightarrow H_1 \times H_2 $ ¿ª½Ã homomorphismÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î À§¿¡¼­ÀÇ
$\phi$ ´Â homomorphismÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ $\phi$ÀÇ ¿ªÇÔ¼ö¸¦ Ã£±â À§ÇØ
¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ $\psi$¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.

 $\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\psi : \pi_1(X,x_0)\times\pi_1(Y,y_0) \rightarrow \pi_1(X \times Y,(x_0,y_0))$

 $\hspace{5em}(\{\beta\},\{\gamma\})\,\,\hspace{2em}\mapsto \hspace{2em}\{\delta\}$

 $\hspace{2em}$,where $\delta(t)=(\beta(t),\gamma(t))$

 ÀÌ $\psi$´Â $\phi$ ÀÇ ¿ªÇÔ¼ö°¡ µÇ°í ÀÌÁ¦ $\psi$ °¡ Àß
 Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¸ »ìÆìº¸¸é µÈ´Ù.

  F : $\beta \sim \beta'$ , G : $\gamma \sim \gamma'$ ÀÏ ¶§
 $H(t,s)=( F(t,s) , G(t,s))$ ·Î ÁÖ¸é ÀÌ´Â $\delta$ ¿Í $\delta'$
 »çÀÌÀÇ homotopy¸¦ ÁÖ¹Ç·Î $\psi$ °¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾úÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

\end{proof}

{\bf ¿¹ 3. Topological group}

\begin{thm}\textit{
 G : a path connected topological group with identity
 e\\$ \hspace{3em}\Rightarrow \pi_1(G,e)$ is abelian.}
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
$\{\alpha\} , \{\beta\} \in \pi_1(G , e)$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\{\alpha\}\{\beta\} = \{\beta\}\{\alpha\}$ ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ

$\{\alpha\}\{\beta\}\{\alpha\}^{-1}\{\beta\}^{-1} = 1$ ÀÓÀ»
º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

$\{\alpha\}\{\beta\}\{\alpha\}^{-1}\{\beta\}^{-1}=\{\alpha*
\beta* \overline{\alpha}*\overline{\beta}\} \simeq 1$ À» º¸ÀÌ±â
À§ÇØ $\alpha* \beta* \overline{\alpha}*\overline{\beta}$ ¸¦
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¸ÀÚ.

**±×¸² 1,2**


 ±×¸² 2¿¡¼­ ¸ÕÀú º¸¸é,

F : $I^2 \rightarrow G$ given by F(t,s)=$\alpha(t)\beta(s)$ ´Â
group G ¾È¿¡ °öÀÌ Á¤ÀÇµÇ¹Ç·Î $I^2$»ó¿¡¼­ ¿¬¼ÓÇÔ¼ö·Î Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ°í
$I^2$ÀÇ boundary´Â »ç½Ç»ó $\alpha* \beta*
\overline{\alpha}*\overline{\beta}$¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.

Áï ±×¸² 1ÀÇ boundary¿¡¼­ ±×¸² 2ÀÇ boundary·Î eµéÀ» ÇÑ Á¡À¸·Î
º¸³»´Â ¿¬¼ÓÇÔ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾Õ ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼­ º» °Í°°ÀÌ $I^2$ÀÇ
³»ºÎ·Îµµ extendµÈ´Ù(¿¹ÄÁµ¥ radial extension).

¶Ç ´Ù¸£°Ô º¸´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº

$\{\alpha\}\{\beta\}\{\alpha\}^{-1}\{\beta\}^{-1} =
F_{\sharp}(\{\partial I^2\}) = F_{\sharp}(1) = 1.$

\end{proof}

{\bf Ecercise.} À§ Áõ¸íÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½À»
ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ Áõ¸íÇØµµ µÈ´Ù.

 $\{\alpha\}\in \pi_1(X,x_0)$, $\alpha : S^1 = \partial D^2
\rightarrow X$  ¿¡ ´ëÇØ\\\textit{$\{\alpha\}=1$ if and only if
$\alpha$ can be extended to $D^2$}
\end{document}
