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\begin{document}
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  \section*{Definitions and Examples}
{\bf Assumption.}  All the spaces in this chapter are path
connected and locally path connected.

\begin{defn}\textit{
Let p : $\widetilde{X} \rightarrow X$.  $\widetilde{X}$ is a
covering space of X with a covering map p if \\(1) p is onto and
\\(2) each x $\in$X has a neighborhood U which is evenly covered,
i.e.,
\\$p^{-1}(U)=\displaystyle {\coprod_{a \in A} V_{a}}$ is a disjoint union of open sets $V_{a}$ of
$\widetilde{X}\,\,\,\,$such that
\\$ \,\,p|_{V_a} : V_a \rightarrow U$ is a homeomorphism , $\forall \,\, a \in
A$.}\\

\end{defn}


µû¶ó¼­ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $x\in X$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p^{-1}(x)$ ´Â discreteÇÏ´Ù.\\

{\bf Examples.}

1 . $ id : X \hspace{1em} \rightarrow \hspace{1em}X$.

2 . $ p :  \,\,\textbf{R} \hspace{1em}\rightarrow \hspace{1em}S^1
(\subset \textbf{C})\,\,\,\,\,\,$ given by
 $\,\,\,\,\,\,p(x) = e^{2 \pi ix}$.

3 . $ p : S^1 \hspace{1em}\rightarrow \hspace{1em}S^1\,\,\,\,\,\,$
 given by $\,\,\,\,\,\,p(z) = z^n$.

À§¿Í °°ÀÌ $p^{-1}$ÀÇ image°¡ n °³ÀÎ °æ¿ì¸¦    n-sheeted covering
È¤Àº n-fold covering ÀÌ¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù.

4 . $p : S^n\hspace{1em}\rightarrow \hspace{1em} P^n = S^n/ \sim$.

ÀÌ °æ¿ì quotient map $p$´Â covering mapÀÌ µÇ°í Æ¯È÷ two fold
covering(double covering) ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

5 . $ p : \textbf{R}^2\hspace{1em} \rightarrow \hspace{1em}T^2=S^1
\times S^1\,\,\,\,\,\,$ given by $\,\,\,\,\,\,(x,y) \mapsto (e^{2
\pi
ix},e^{2 \pi iy})$.\\

{\bf Excercise.} If $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$  , $q :
\widetilde{Y} \rightarrow Y$  are  covering  maps, then \\$p
\times q : \widetilde{X}\times \widetilde{Y} \rightarrow X \times
Y$ is
also a covering map. (¿¹ 2¹ø°ú 5¹ø¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù)\\



6 . non-covering


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    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.3,clip=true]{graph1.eps}}

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$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 1\\



$p$´Â local homeomorphism Àº µÇÁö¸¸ covering mapÀº µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.(¿Ö ±×·±°¡?)\\

 7 . (figure eight, torus µîÀÇ n-fold covering.)\\

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.6,clip=true]{graph2.eps}}

    \end{figure}





$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 2\\

 8 . M\"{o}bius band ÀÇ double covering Àº annulus °¡ µÇ°í
3-fold coveringÀº ´Ù½Ã M\"{o}bius band °¡ µÈ´Ù.  °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î
Klien bottleÀÇ double coveringÀº torus°¡
µÈ´Ù. ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÏ¶ó.\\



{\bf Note.}

\textit{1 . M is a manifold $\Rightarrow$ $\widetilde{M}$ is also
a manifold.}

(Áõ¸í) °¢ $x\in \widetilde{M}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p(x)\in M$ °¡  coordinate
chart (U,$\varphi$) ¸¦ °¡Áö°í, ¶ÇÇÑ $p(x)$ ´Â evenly cover µÇ´Â
neighborhood V ¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ U$\cap$V ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p^{-1}(U \cap
V)$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¸é, ÀÌ Áß $x$¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â $U\cap V$ÀÇ copy°¡ ÀÖ°í
ÀÌ copy¿Í $\varphi\circ p$°¡ $x$ÀÇ coordinate chart ¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.\\

{\bf Excercise.} If M is a $C^\infty$-manifold $\Rightarrow$
$\widetilde{M}$ is also a $C^\infty$-manifold .\\

\textit{2 . M is orientable $\Rightarrow$  $\widetilde{M}$ is also
orientable.}

(Áõ¸í) ¸ÕÀú $\widetilde{M}$ÀÇ °¢ Á¡ $x$¿¡ orientationÀ» ÁÖÀÚ.
$\widetilde{M}$ÀÇ  orientation Àº local homeomorphism $p$ ¸¦
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© $p(x)$ÀÇ  orientaionÀ» ±×´ë·Î °¡Á®´Ù ¾´´Ù. ±×·¯¸é °¢
$x\in \widetilde{M}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ orientationÀÌ locally constant°¡ µÇ´Â
$p(x)$ÀÇ ±Ù¹æ U¸¦ ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¶ÇÇÑ $p(x)$¿¡¼­ evenly cover µÇ´Â
V¸¦ ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ $p^{-1}(U\cap V)=\displaystyle{\coprod_{a
\in A}} W_{a}$ Áß $x$¸¦
Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â $W_{a}$¿¡¼­ orientationÀº $p$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $U\cap V$ÀÇ orientation°ú °°À¸¹Ç·Î locally constantÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 7.}\\ \textit{Every non-orientable manifold has an
orientable double covering manifold.}\\



\textit{3 . M is a compact manifold, p is a finite covering
$\Rightarrow$ $\widetilde{M}$ is compact.}\\

\textit{4} . MÀÌ orientableÀÌ°í genus ¸¦ g°³ °¡Áø °æ¿ì, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥
$\widetilde{M}$¸¦ »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ. À§ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ µû¶ó  $\widetilde{M}$´Â
¿ª½Ã orientableÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\chi$¸¸ ¾Ë¸é $\widetilde{M}$¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ $\widetilde{M}$°¡ n-fold ¶ó¸é  MÀÇ triangulationÀ»
$\widetilde{M}$ À§·Î ¿Ã¸®¸é V,E,F ¸ðµÎ n¹è°¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î $\chi$ ¿ª½Ã
n¹è°¡ µÈ´Ù. ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î $M$ÀÌ non-orientable ÀÏ ¶§´Â
$\widetilde{M}$ÀÇ orientability¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $\widetilde{M}$À» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

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