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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Fundamental group of $S^1$}
\begin{thm}
\textit{$\pi_1(S^1)\cong \textbf{Z}$.}
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Let $p : \textbf{R}\rightarrow S^1$ be a covering map given by
$p(x)=e^{2\pi ix}$. \\If $\alp\in \Omega(S^1,1)$, then $\alp$ can
be lifted uniquely to $\widetilde{\alp}:I\rightarrow \textbf{R}$
with $\widetilde{\alp}(0)=0$.\\Define
$\phi:\Omega(S^1,1)\rightarrow\textbf{Z}\,\,$ by $\,\,\alp \mapsto
\widetilde{\alp}(1)$.  Now  note  that $\,\,\phi\,\,$ induces\\
"$\phi$"\,\,:\,\,$\pi_1(S^1,1)\rightarrow\textbf{Z}$ by µû¸§Á¤¸® 3.

ÀÌ $\phi$°¡ isomorphismÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ¸ÕÀú  homomorphismÀÓÀ»
º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

$\phi(\{\alp\}\{\beta\})=\phi(\{\alp*\beta\})=\widetilde{\alp*\beta}(1)$ÀÌ°í
ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ $\widetilde{\alp}(1)+\widetilde{\beta}(1)$ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ
$\tau$¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. \\$\tau : \textbf{R}\rightarrow
\textbf{R}$ be a translation given by
$\tau(x)=x+\widetilde{\alp}(1).$

ÀÌ ¶§,  $\widetilde{\alp*\beta}=\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau\circ
\widetilde{\beta})$ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú $\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau\circ
\widetilde{\beta})$´Â Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö Áï
$\widetilde{\alp}(1)=(\tau\circ \widetilde{\beta})(0)$ ÀÎÁö
»ìÆìº¸ÀÚ. $\widetilde{\alp}$¿Í $\widetilde{\bet}$´Â µÑ ´Ù 0¿¡¼­
Ãâ¹ßÇÏ´Â pathÀÌ°í  $\tau$´Â $\widetilde{\alp(1)}$¸¸Å­ translation
½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î,  $\widetilde{\beta}(0)$´Â $\tau$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$\widetilde{\alp}(1)$À¸·Î ¿Å°ÜÁö°í $\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau\circ
\widetilde{\beta} )$´Â Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\´ÙÀ½À¸·Î
$\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau\circ \widetilde{\beta})$ °¡
$\alp*\beta$ÀÇ lifting ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

$p\circ (\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau \circ \widetilde{\beta}))=(p\circ
\widetilde{\alp} )*(p\circ (\tau \circ \widetilde{\beta}))=(p\circ
\widetilde{\alp} )*(p\circ \widetilde{\beta})=\alp*\beta$

µû¶ó¼­ $\widetilde{\alp*\beta}=\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau\circ
\widetilde{\beta})$°¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.

$\widetilde{\alp*\beta}(1)=\widetilde{\alp}*(\tau\circ
\widetilde{\beta})(1)=(\tau\circ
\widetilde{\beta})(1)=\tau(\widetilde{\beta}(1))=\widetilde{\alp}(1)+\widetilde{\beta}(1)$.\\

´ÙÀ½À¸·Î $\phi$ °¡ 1-1 ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.\\ ¸¸ÀÏ $\phi(\{\alp\})=0$
ÀÌ¶ó¸é $\widetilde{\alp}(1)=0$ ÀÌ µÇ¾î $\widetilde{\alp}$ ´Â 0À»
base point·Î ÇÏ´Â loop°¡ µÈ´Ù. Áï $\widetilde{\alp}\in
\Omega(\textbf{R},0) \Rightarrow \{\widetilde{\alp}\}\in
\pi_1(\textbf{R},0)=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î\\$0=p_{\sharp}\{\widetilde{\alp}\}=\{p\circ
\widetilde{\alp}\}=\{\alp\}\in \pi(S^1,1)$ .  Áï $\{\alp\}=0$ÀÌ´Ù.

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î $\phi$°¡ ontoÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ $\forall\,\,n \in
\textbf{Z}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $ \widetilde{\alp}(t)=nt\,\,$,$\,\,\alp=p\circ
\widetilde{\alp}$ ·Î ÀâÀ¸¸é,
$\,\,\phi(\{\alp\})=\widetilde{\alp}(1)=n$ ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\phi$´Â ontoÀÌ´Ù.

\end{proof}

\begin{prop}
Let $f:S^1\rightarrow X$ . Then the followings are equivalent.

1 . f is homotopic to a constant map.

2 . $f_{\sharp}:\pi_1(S^1)\rightarrow\pi_1(X)$ is 0.

3 . f can be extended to a map  $\,\,\overline{f} : D^2\rightarrow
X$.

(In this case f is said to be inessential.)
\end{prop}
\begin{proof}
($1\Rightarrow 3$)

$F: S^1\times I\rightarrow X$ °¡ $f$¿Í  $c_{x_0}$»çÀÌÀÇ
homotopy¶ó¸é  $F$´Â $S^1\times I$¸¦ $q : S^1 \times I \rightarrow
D^2 / S^1 \times \{ 1 \}$·Î quotientÇÑ quotient space»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ map
$\overline{F}$¸¦ induceÇÑ´Ù.

$\hspace{8em}\hspace{9em}F$

$\hspace{6em}\hspace{3em} \hspace{3em}S^1\times I
\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em} X$\\

$\hspace{12em}\,\,q\downarrow \hspace{4em}\nearrow \exists
\overline{F}$\\

$\hspace{10em}S^1\times I/S^1 \times \{1\}$\\


ÀÌ ¶§ diagramÀÇ ¾Æ·§ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â $S^1\times I/(S^1\times \{1\})$ÀÌ
$D^2$ ¿Í homeomorphism ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ  $\pi$¸¦
Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.

$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\pi : S^1\times I \rightarrow D^2 $ ,
$\pi(x,t)=(1-t)x$

±×·¯¸é ´ÙÀ½ diagram À» ±×¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


$\hspace{9em}\pi\hspace{8em}F$

$\hspace{5em}D^2\hspace{2em}\leftarrow \hspace{2em}S^1\times I
\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em} X$\\

$\hspace{7em}\exists \overline{\pi}\nwarrow
\hspace{2em}q\downarrow \hspace{4em}\nearrow \exists
\overline{F}$\\

$\hspace{10em}S^1\times I/S^1 \times \{1\}$\\

ÀÌ ¶§, $\pi$ ¿¡¼­ inducedµÈ $\overline{\pi}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\overline{\pi}$ ´Â 1-1, onto¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ $D^2$ ´Â
Hausdorff spaceÀÌ°í, $S^1\times I/S^1 \times \{1\}$ ´Â compact
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\overline{\pi}$´Â homeomorphism ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦
$g=\overline{F}\circ \overline{\pi}^{-1} : D^2 \rightarrow X$ ¸¦
»ý°¢ÇØº¸¸é, ÀÌ´Â $g|_{S^1}=f$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $f$´Â $D^2$·Î
extend µÈ´Ù.\\
($3\Rightarrow 2$)$\hspace{3em}f\hspace{18em}f_{\sharp}$

$\hspace{3em}S^1\hspace{2em} \rightarrow\hspace{2em}X\hspace{6em}
\hspace{3em}\pi_1(S^1)\hspace{2em}
\rightarrow\hspace{2em}\pi_1(X)$

$\hspace{4em}i\searrow\hspace{2.5em}\nearrow \exists
\overline{f}\hspace{5em}\Rightarrow \hspace{1em}
\hspace{4em}i_{\sharp}\searrow\hspace{2.5em}\nearrow \overline{f}_{\sharp} $

$\hspace{6em}D^2\hspace{10em} \hspace{6em}\pi_1(D^2)$\\

À§ diagram ¿¡¼­ ¿ÞÂÊ ±×¸²ÀÌ commuteÇÏ°í, funtorial property¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ±×¸²µµ commuteÇÑ´Ù. $\pi_1(D^2)=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$f_{\sharp} = 0$ÀÌ´Ù.\\
($2\Rightarrow 1$)

$\pi_1(S^1)$ÀÇ ¿ø $\{\alp\}$¸¦ $\alp(t)=e^{2\pi it}$·Î Àâ¾ÒÀ» ¶§,
2¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¾îÁø $f$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $f_{\sharp}=0$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $f\circ \alp \sim
c_{x_0}
$ °¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

$\hspace{4em}$**diagram**\\

$\overline{F}|_{S^1\times \{0\}}=f$ and
$\overline{F}|_{S^1\times\{1\}}=x_0$.








\end{proof}

\end{document}
