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\begin{document}
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  \section*{Applications}

  {\bf Fundamental theorem of algebra}  :

  \textit{$f(z)=z^n+a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+\cdot\cdot\cdot+a_1z+a_0=0$ has at least one
  zero.($z,a_i\in\mathbf{C}$)}\\



\begin{proof}
¸ÕÀú $|a_{n-1}|+|a_{n-2}|+\cdot\cdot\cdot+|a_0|<1$ ÀÌ¶ó°í
°¡Á¤ÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é, $z=\lambda x(\lambda >0) $ À¸·Î ³õ°í
$f(z)$ ¸¦ $\lambda^n$À¸·Î ³ª´©¸é

$x^n+\frac{a_{n-1}}{\lambda}x^{n-1}+\cdot\cdot\cdot+\frac{a_1}{\lambda^{n-1}}x+\frac{a_0}{\lambda^n}=0$

ÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î,
$|\frac{a_{n-1}}{\lam}|+\cdot\cdot\cdot+|\frac{a_0}{\lam^n}|<1$ À»
¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â Å« $\lam$ ¸¦ ÀâÀ¸¸é µÈ´Ù.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ $f(z)$°¡ ±ÙÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é
$f:\textbf{C}\rightarrow\textbf{C}\setminus\{0\}$ ÀÌ°í,\\$k(z)=z^n
: S^1\rightarrow S^1$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $f|_{S^1} \simeq k :
S^1(\subset\textbf{C})\rightarrow\textbf{C}\setminus \{0\}$ ÀÓÀ»
º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

Define
$F(z,t)=z^n+t(a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+\cdot\cdot\cdot+a_0),\hspace{2em}0\leq
t\leq 1$.

¸ÕÀú $F$°¡ $\mathbf{C}\setminus \{0\}$ À¸·Î °¡´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸ÀÌÀÚ.
$0\leq t\leq 1 \,\,,\,\, |z|=1$ ÀÌ°í À§¿¡¼­
$|a_{n-1}|+|a_{n-2}|+\cdot\cdot\cdot+|a_0|<1$ÀÓÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î

$|F(z,t)|\geq|z|^n\,\,-\,\,t\,|\,\,a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+\cdot\cdot\cdot
a_0\,\,|$

$\hspace{3.7em}\geq|z|^n\,\,-\,\,t(\,|a_{n-1}z^{n-1}|+\cdot\cdot\cdot+|a_0|\,)$

$\hspace{3.7em}=1-t(|a_{n-1}|+|a_{n-2}|+\cdot\cdot\cdot|a_0|)$

$\hspace{3.7em}>0 $

ÀÌ°í, ÀÌ´Â $f|_{S^1}$ ¿Í $k$ °£¿¡ homotopy¸¦ ÁØ´Ù. \\

ÀÌÁ¦ ´ÙÀ½ diagram À» »ìÆìº¸¸é,



$\hspace{2em}\hspace{2em}f\hspace{4.2em}p$

$S^1\hookrightarrow\textbf{C}\rightarrow
\textbf{C}\setminus\{0\}\rightarrow S^1\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$
where $\,\,\,\,\,\,p:z\mapsto \frac{z}{|z|}$.\\



$S^1$¿¡¼­ $\textbf{C}\setminus\{0\}$ À¸·Î °¡´Â map $f|_{S^1}$¿Í
$k$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $f|_{S^1} \simeq k$ ÀÌ°í, $p\circ k=k$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $p\circ
f|_{S^1}=g$ ¶ó°í ³õ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ $g=p\circ f|_{S^1}\simeq p\circ k=k$
ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $g_{\sharp}=k_{\sharp}:\pi_1(S^1)\rightarrow
\pi_1(S^1)$ ÀÎµ¥, $f$´Â $D^2$·Î extend µÇ¹Ç·Î $g$ ¿ª½Ã
¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. Áï $g_{\sharp}=0$ ÀÎµ¥ ¹ÝÇØ
$k_{\sharp}:\textbf{Z}\rightarrow\textbf{Z}$ ´Â n¹è ÇØÁÖ´Â
homomorphismÀÌ¾î¼­ ÀÌ´Â ¸ð¼øÀÌ µÈ´Ù.


\end{proof}

\begin{thm}

\textit{(Existence of "°¡¸¶")}

 Let  $f:{D}^{2} \rightarrow
\textbf{R}^{2}$ be a non-vanishing continuous vector field. Then
$\exists$ a point of $S^1$ where f is directly inward, i.e.,
$f(x)\cdot x<0$.(Similarly $\exists$ a point of $S^1$ where f is
directly outward, i.e., $f(x)\cdot x>0$)
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
inward point°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. Áï   $f(x)\cdot x\geq 0$, $\forall
x\in S^1$ ÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¶§

Define $F(x,t):S^1\times I \rightarrow
\textbf{R}^2\setminus\{0\}\,\,$ by $\,\,F(x,t)=tf(x) + (1-t)x$.

(1) $F$ °¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾úÀ½À» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. Áï, F°¡ 0ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

¸¸ÀÏ $tf(x)+(1-t)x=0$ÀÌ¶ó¸é,\\
$\,|\,tf(x)+(1-t)x|^2=t^2|f(x)|^2+2tx(1-t)f(x)+(t-1)^2|x|^2=0$ \\À» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°í, ¿©±â¼­ °¢
Ç×ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ 0º¸´Ù Å©°Å³ª °°À¸¹Ç·Î ¸ðµÎ  0ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
$|x|=1$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $t=1$ÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $f(x)=0$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ´Â $f$°¡
non-vanishing ÀÌ¶ó´Âµ¥¿¡ ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í $F(x,0)=x, F(x,1)=f(x)$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $F$´Â $x$¿Í $f(x)$ »çÀÌÀÇ homotopy¸¦ ÁØ´Ù.\\

(2) $\hspace{6.5em}F\hspace{4.8em}p$

$\hspace{5em}S^1\times I\rightarrow
\textbf{R}^2\setminus\{0\}\rightarrow S^1$\\

ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $p\circ inclusion=id \simeq p\circ f : S^1\rightarrow S^1$
ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ $f$´Â ¿ø·¡ $D^2$·Î extensionÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ¹Ç·Î $p\circ f$
¿ª½Ã °¡´ÉÇÏ°í µû¶ó¼­  $(p\circ f)_{\sharp}=0$ ÀÌ´Ù. Áï
$id=0:\textbf{Z}\rightarrow \textbf{Z}$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌ´Â ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.

"outward point"ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â $f$´ë½Å $-f$¸¦ ¾²¸é µÈ´Ù.


\end{proof}
\begin{thm}


$\nexists$ non-vanishing continuous vector field on $S^2$.

\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
¸ÕÀú nonvanishing vector field°¡ $S^2$À§¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ.
$S^2$»óÀÇ ºÏ±Ø $N$¿¡¼­ÀÇ vector $v$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ¶ó´Â Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­
$v$¿Í °ÅÀÇ °°Àº vector¸¦ °¡Áö´Â $N$ÀÇ Àû´çÇÑ ±Ù¹æÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌÁ¦ $S^2$¸¦ $\textbf{R}^2$·Î stereographic projectionÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯¸é $D^2$»óÀÇ nonvanishing vector field¸¦ ¾ò´Âµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀ»
ÀÚ±âÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±æÀÌ·Î ³ª´©¾î ¾ò¾îÁö´Â unit vector field¸¦  $f$¶ó µÎ¸é
´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ $f$´Â $z$¸¦ $z^2$ À¸·Î º¸³»´Â map°ú homotopicÇÔÀ»
¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $f_{\sharp}$Àº $\times 2$·Î ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â mapÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ $f$´Â $f|_{S^1}:S^1\rightarrow S^1$¿¡¼­ $D^2$ ·Î
È®ÀåµÇ¹Ç·Î  $f_{\sharp}=0$ ÀÌ°í, ÀÌ´Â ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.\\

**±×¸²3**

\end{proof}








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