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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x})$}


\begin{thm}

Let $p: (\widetilde{X}, \widetilde{x_0}) \rightarrow (X,x_0)$ be a
covering.\\Then $p_\sharp : \pi_1(\widetilde{X}, \widetilde{x_0})
\rightarrow \pi_1(X,x_0)$ is a monomorphism.

\end{thm}

\begin{proof}

$p_\sharp\{\widetilde{\alp}\} = \{p \circ \widetilde{\alp}\} =
\{\alp\} = 1$ÀÌ¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¸é $\alp \sim x_0$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â homotopy
$F$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.($x_0$´Â constant loop)

µû¸§Á¤¸® 3À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ $\widetilde{\alp} \sim \widetilde{x_0}$¸¦
¾ò´Â´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼­ $\widetilde{x_0}$´Â constant loopÀÌ¸é¼­ µ¿½Ã¿¡
$x_0$ÀÇ liftingÀÌ´Ù.

$\therefore \{\widetilde{\alp}\}=\{\widetilde{x_0}\}=1$
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Remark.}

1. $p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$ ¸¦
$\pi_1(X,x_0)$ ÀÇ subgroupÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

2. $T^2$´Â $S^2$ÀÇ coveringÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù :

$\pi_1(T^2)=\mathbf{Z}\bigoplus \mathbf{Z}$ÀÌ°í ¾ÆÁ÷ º¸ÀÌÁö´Â
¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ $\pi_1(S^2)=0$ ÀÓÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é, $T^2$´Â $S^2$ÀÇ  coveringÀÌ
µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


\begin{thm}
Let $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ be a covering with
$p(\widetilde{x_0})=p(\widetilde{x_0}')=x_0$. Then $
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x}_0)$ and
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0}')$ are conjugate
in $\pi_1(X,x_0)$, i.e., $\exists \{\tau\}\in \pi_1(X,x_0)$ such
that
$\{\tau\}p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\{\tau\}^{-1}=p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0}')$

\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
¸ÕÀú $\widetilde{x_0}'$¿Í $\widetilde{x_0}$»çÀÌÀÇ path $\sigma$¸¦
ÀâÀº ÈÄ, ±×°ÍÀ» X·Î ³»¸° $\tau:\,\,=p\circ \sigma$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ.
 ±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ  ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀÎ  diagramÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¸é,

$\hspace{9.3em}\phi_{\rho}$

$\hspace{3em}\pi_1(X,x_0)\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em}\pi_1(X,x_1)$

$\hspace{4em}f_{\sharp}\downarrow\hspace{8.5em}\downarrow
f_{\sharp}\hspace{5em}$ key diagram ($*$)

$\hspace{2.3em}\pi_1(Y,f(x_0))\hspace{1.5em}\rightarrow\hspace{1.5em}\pi_1(Y,f(x_1))$

$\hspace{9.3em}\phi_{f \circ \rho}$

 À§ diagramÀÌ  commuteÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

$\{\alp\} \in \pi_1(X,x_0)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$f_{\sharp}(\phi_{\rho}(\{\alp\})=\phi_{f \circ \rho
}(f_{\sharp}(\{\alp\}))$ ÀÓÀ» º¸¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Âµ¥

$f_{\sharp}(\phi_{\rho}(\{\alp\})=f_{\sharp}(\{\rho * \alp *
\overline{\rho}\})=\{f \circ (\rho * \alp *
\overline{\rho})\}=\{(f \circ \rho)*(f \circ \alp )*(f\circ
\overline{\rho})\}$

$\phi_{f \circ \rho }(f_{\sharp}(\{\alp\}))=\phi_{f\circ
\rho}\{f\circ \alp\}=\{(f \circ \rho)*(f \circ \alp
)*(\overline{f\circ \rho})\} $

ÀÌ°í, $f\circ \overline{\rho}=\overline{f\circ \rho} $ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, À§
diagramÀº  commuteÇÑ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌÁ¦ Á¤¸®ÀÇ  case¿¡ ¸Â´Â ´ÙÀ½ diagram µµ commuteÇÑ´Ù.

$\hspace{9.3em}\phi_{\sigma}$

$\hspace{3em}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0}')$

$\hspace{4em}p_{\sharp}\downarrow\hspace{8.5em}\downarrow
p_{\sharp}\hspace{5em}$  diagram ($*$)'

$\hspace{3em}\pi_1(X,x_0)\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em}\pi_1(X,x_0)$

$\hspace{9.3em}\phi_{\tau}$

µû¶ó¼­ À§ Á¤¸®°¡ Áõ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù.

\end{proof}\\

{\bf Remark.}

1 .\textit{ If
$\,\,\,p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$ is a
normal subgroup of $\,\,\,\,\pi_1(X,x_0)\,\,$, then\\
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})=p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0}')$
for all $\widetilde{x_0}' \in p^{-1}(x_0)$.}

Áï, normality´Â $\widetilde{X}$ ÀÇ  base point ÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡
¹«°üÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À§  diagram $(*)'$¿¡¼­ $X$ ÀÇ base point $x_0$ÀÇ
¼±ÅÃ¿¡µµ ¹«°üÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ ¸¦
\textit{regular} covering (or \textit{normal} covering) ÀÌ¶ó°í
ºÎ¸¥´Ù.

2 . À§ Á¤¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ \textit{The conjugacy class of a subgroup
$\,\,p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$´Â
$\,\{p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0}')\,\,\,|\,\,\,\widetilde{x_0}'
\in p^{-1}(x_0)\}$¿Í °°´Ù.}\\




  \end{document}
