\documentclass[12pt ]{article}
\setlength{\textwidth}{14 true cm} \setlength{\textheight}{20 true
cm}

\usepackage{hangul}
\usepackage{amscd,amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb,theorem}
\usepackage{longtable}
\newcommand{\Aff}{\mbox{\it Aff}}
\newcommand{\aff}{\mbox{\it aff}}


\newcommand{\alp}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\bet}{\beta}
\newcommand{\del}{\delta}
\newcommand{\gam}{\gamma}
\newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\eps}{\epsilon}
\newcommand{\lam}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\kap}{\kappa}
\newcommand{\sig}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\ome}{\omega}
\newcommand{\Gam}{\Gamma}
\newcommand{\Ome}{\Omega}
\newcommand{\Sig}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\Del}{\Delta}
\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lambda}


\newtheorem{thm}{Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{cor}[thm]{µû¸§Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{º¸Á¶Á¤¸®}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{¸íÁ¦}
\newtheorem{cl}{Claim}

{\theorembodyfont{\rm}
\newtheorem{ex}{¿¹}
\newtheorem{que}{Áú¹®}
\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}[section]
\newtheorem{defn}{Á¤ÀÇ}
\newtheorem{rem}{ÁÖ}
\newtheorem{note}{Note}
}
\renewcommand{\thenote}{}
\renewcommand{\therem}{}

\newenvironment{proof}{{\bf Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}
\newenvironment{proof1}{{\bf Á¤¸®Áõ¸í}}{\hfill\framebox[2mm]{}}

\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{$\pi_1$-action on $p^{-1}(x)$}



Let G be a group acting on a set X on the left, i.e.,
\\$\exists\,\,\alp : G \times X \rightarrow X $ such that (1)
$(g\cdot h)\cdot x=g\cdot(h\cdot x)$, (2) $ e\cdot x= x$, \\where $e$ is an identity in G.\\

{\bf Note.} $\alp$ induces a homomorphism :  $G\rightarrow
Perm(X)$.

Orbit of $x=G(x)=G\cdot x=\{g\cdot x\,\,|\,\,g \in G\}$ ,\\
Isotropy subgroup at $x=G_x=\{g\in G\,\,|\,\,gx=x\}$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
´ÙÀ½ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.

 \textit{$\exists$ a bijection $\phi:G/G_x\rightarrow G\cdot x  $} :

(Áõ¸í)Define $\psi:G\rightarrow G\cdot x $ by $g\mapsto gx$. ÀÌ
¶§, $\psi^{-1}(g\cdot x)=gG_x$ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

¸¸ÀÏ $h\cdot x=g\cdot x$¶ó¸é,

$\Leftrightarrow (g^{-1}h)x=x$

$\Leftrightarrow g^{-1}h\in G_x$

$\Leftrightarrow h\in gG_x$ .

µû¶ó¼­ $\psi$´Â bijection $\phi:G/G_x \rightarrow G\cdot x$ ¸¦
ÁØ´Ù.


If the action is \textit{transitive}, i.e., $G\cdot x=X$ for some
$x\in X$,
then $G/G_x \simeq X$.\\(ÀÌ ¶§ X¸¦ homogeneousÇÏ´Ù ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.)\\

{\bf Note.} $G_{gx}=gG_xg^{-1}$.\\

 $p^{-1}(x_0)$»ó¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ actionÀ» right actionÀ¸·Î  Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.

\textit{$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\widetilde{x_0}\cdot
\{\alp\}:=\widetilde{\alp}_{\widetilde{x_0}}(1)$}.

Áï, $p^{-1}(x_0)$ À§ÀÇ °¢ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\alp$ÀÇ
$\widetilde{x_0}$¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â  lifting
$\widetilde{\alp}_{\widetilde{x_0}}$ ÀÇ ³¡Á¡À¸·Î °ªÀ» ÁÖ¸é, ÀÌ´Â
actionÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¸¦ º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ´ÙÀ½ µÎ°¡Áö¸¦ º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

(1)
$\widetilde{x_0}(\{\alp\}\{\beta\})=(\widetilde{x_0}\{\alp\})\{\beta\}$.

(2) $\widetilde{x_0}\cdot 1= \widetilde{x_0}$.

(Áõ¸í)(1)Àº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°í, (2)´Â constant loop¸¦ lifting½ÃÅ°¸é ¿ª½Ã
constant loop·Î °¡´Â ¼ºÁú ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ right actionÀÌ
µÇ°í, ÀÌ ¶§ ´ÙÀ½ µÎ°¡Áö°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.

{\bf 1 . $\pi_1$-action is transitive.}:


$X=p^{-1}(x_0)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\pi_1$-action ÀÌ transitiveÀÓÀ» º¸¿©¾ß
ÇÏ¹Ç·Î, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $\widetilde{x_0}'\in p^{-1}(x_0)$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\widetilde{x_0}\cdot \alp=\widetilde{x_0}'$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $\alp$°¡
ÀÖÀ½À» º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù.

$\widetilde{X}$´Â path connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î  $\widetilde{x}_0$¿¡¼­ $\widetilde{x}_0'$À¸·Î °¡´Â path $\gamma$¸¦ Àâ¾Æ $X$·Î ³»¸° °ÍÀ» $\alp$
¶ó µÎÀÚ. ÀÌ¸¦ ´Ù½Ã lifting½ÃÅ°¸é, ÀÌ´Â $\widetilde{x}_0$¿¡¼­ $\widetilde{x}_0'$À¸·Î °¡´Â path $\widetilde{\alp}=\gamma$°¡ µÈ´Ù.\\


{\bf 2 . Isotropy subgroup at
$\widetilde{x_0}=p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$}:

(Áõ¸í)($\subseteq$)\textit{Isotropy subgroup at
$\widetilde{x_0}$}´Â
$\,\widetilde{x_0}\{\alp\}=\widetilde{x_0}\,$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â
$\,\{\alp\}$µéÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\,\widetilde{\alp}_{\widetilde{x_0}}(1)=\widetilde{x_0}\,$¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÏ°í µû¶ó¼­ $\,\widetilde{\alp}$´Â loop°¡ µÈ´Ù.
$\,\{\widetilde{\alp}\}\in \pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\,$
¿¡¼­ ¾çº¯¿¡ $p_{\sharp}$ À» ÃëÇÏ¸é
$\{\alp\}=p_{\sharp}\{\widetilde{\alp}\}\in
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$ ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

($\supseteq$) ¿ªÀ¸·Î $\{\beta\}\in
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$¸¦ ÀâÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é
¾î¶² $\{\beta '\}\in \pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$p_{\sharp}(\{\beta '\})=\{\beta\}$ ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $\beta$ÀÇ
liftingÀ» $\widetilde{\beta}$ ¶ó µÎ¸é

$p_{\sharp}\{\widetilde{\beta}\}=\{p\circ
\widetilde{\beta}\}=\{\beta\}=p_{\sharp}\{\beta '\}$.

µû¶ó¼­ $\beta=p\circ \widetilde{\beta}\sim p\circ \beta'$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\widetilde{\beta}\sim \beta '$ ÀÌ µÇ°í, $\beta '$Àº loop ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\widetilde{\beta}$µµ loop°¡ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\widetilde{\beta}_{\widetilde{x_0}}(1)=\widetilde{x_0}$ ¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.\\

À§ÀÇ 1,2 ¿¡ µû¶ó ´ÙÀ½ µû¸§Á¤¸®°¡ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\

\begin{cor}
$p^{-1}(x_0)$Àº
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\setminus
\pi_1(X,x_0)$ ¿Í 1-1 correspondence ¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.

\end{cor}

\begin{cor}
The cardinality of $p^{-1}$(= $|p^{-1}(x)|$) is constant,
$\forall\,\, x\in X$.
\end{cor}
\begin{proof}
µÎ °³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ $x_0,x_1 \in X$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p^{-1}$ÀÇ cardinality°¡
°°À½À» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú µÎ Á¡ÀÇ  lifting
$\widetilde{x_0},\widetilde{x_1}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±× µÎÁ¡À» ÀÕ´Â path
$\rho$ °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, $\rho$¸¦ ³»¸° °ÍÀ» $p\circ \rho$ ¶ó µÎÀÚ.
±×·¯¸é ´ÙÀ½ diagram ÀÌ commuteÇÏ°í

$\hspace{9.3em}\phi_{{\rho}}$

$\hspace{3em}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_1})$

$\hspace{4em}p_{\sharp}\downarrow\hspace{8.5em}\downarrow
p_{\sharp}\hspace{5em}$  diagram ($*$)'

$\hspace{3em}\pi_1(X,x_0)\hspace{2em}\rightarrow\hspace{2em}\pi_1(X,x_1)$

$\hspace{9.3em}\phi_{p\circ \rho}$

µû¶ó¼­ $p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\setminus
\pi_1(X,x_0)$ ¿Í
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_1})\setminus
\pi_1(X,x_1)$Àº isomorphism $\phi_{p\circ \rho}$ ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 1-1
correspondence ¸¦ °¡Áö´Âµ¥,  µû¸§Á¤¸® 1¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÂº¯Àº
$p^{-1}(x_0)$ ¿Í cardinality °¡ °°°í ¿ìº¯ ¿ª½Ã ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î
$p^{-1}(x_1)$ ¿Í cardinality °¡ °°´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$|p^{-1}(x_0)|=|p^{-1}(x_1)|$ ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.


\end{proof}\\

 Æ¯È÷ $|p^{-1}(x)|=n $ ÀÎ °æ¿ì, $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ ¸¦
 n-sheeted(n-fold) covering ÀÌ¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù.\\

\begin{defn}\textit{
(1) A path connected space X is simply connected if $\pi_1(X)=1$.}

\textit{$\hspace{3.2em}$ (2)$\,p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ is
called a universal covering if $\widetilde{X}$ is simply
connected.}
\end{defn}

À§ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í µû¸§Á¤¸® 1 ·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ½ ³»¿ëÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

\begin{cor}
If $\,\,p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$  is a universal covering,
then $|p^{-1}(x)|=|\pi_1(X,x)|$
\end{cor}

\begin{cor}
If $\,\,X$ is simply connected , then $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow
X$ is a homeomorphism.
\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
$\pi_1(X,{x})\,$ÀÌ  trivialÀÌ¹Ç·Î  ±×ÀÇ  subgroup ÀÎ
$\,p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\,$ ¿ª½Ã
 trivialÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $ \,|p^{-1}(x)|=|\pi_1(X,{x})|=1\,$ ÀÌ
µÇ¾î  $p$ ´Â 1-1 ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¿ø·¡  covering map $\,p$ ´Â onto,
continuous, open mapÀÌ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î $p$´Â  homeomorphism ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.


\end{proof}




  \end{document}
