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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{General Lifting Theorem}

  \begin{thm}
(General lifting theorem) \\ Let
$p:(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\rightarrow (X,x_0)$ be a
covering and  $Y$ be a path-connected and locally path-connected
space.
Let $f :(Y,y_0)\rightarrow (X,x_0)$. Then\\
$\exists \,\, \widetilde{f}:(Y,y_0)\rightarrow
(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})\,\,\,$ : a lifting of f
$\,\,\,\Leftrightarrow\,\,\,$ $f_{\sharp}\pi_1(Y,y_0)\subset
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$.\\In this case
 $\widetilde{f}$is unique.
\end{thm}

$\hspace{6em}(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$

$\hspace{2.3em}\exists \widetilde{f}\nearrow\hspace{3em}\downarrow
p\hspace{4em}\Leftrightarrow\hspace{4em}$
$f_{\sharp}\pi_1(Y,y_0)\subseteq
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$

$(Y,y_0)\hspace{1em}\rightarrow\hspace{1em}(X,x_0)$

$\hspace{4em}f$\\

\begin{proof}
($\Rightarrow$)

$f=p\circ \widetilde{f}$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $f_{\sharp}=p_{\sharp}\circ
\widetilde{f}_{\sharp}$ ÀÌ°í
$f_{\sharp}\pi_1(Y,y_0)=p_{\sharp}(\widetilde{f_{\sharp}}\pi_1(Y,y_0))\subseteq
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0}) $.

($\Leftarrow$)

ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $y\in Y$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\widetilde{f}(y)$¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.
$y_0$¿Í $y$ »çÀÌÀÇ path $\rho$ ¸¦ ÀâÀº ÈÄ  $f\circ \rho$ÀÇ
$\widetilde{x_0}$¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â lifting $\widetilde{f\circ \rho}$
¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\widetilde{f}(y)=\widetilde{f\circ \rho}(1)$ ·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é
ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿øÇÏ´Â $\widetilde{f}$ °¡ µÈ´Ù.

¸ÕÀú $\widetilde{f}$ °¡ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸ÀÌÀÚ. Áï, $y_0$¿Í
$y$»çÀÌÀÇ pathÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡  ¹«°üÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ, $\sigma$¸¦ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥
path·Î µÎÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é, $f\circ \rho * \overline{f\circ \sigma}$´Â
loop°¡ µÇ°í °¡Á¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ  $\{f\circ \rho * \overline{f\circ
\sigma}\}=f_{\sharp}\{\rho * \overline{\sigma}\}\in
p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x_0})$ ÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ $f\circ \rho * \overline{f\circ \sigma}$ÀÇ liftingÀº
loopÀÌ°í, $\widetilde{f\circ \sigma}(1)=\widetilde{f\circ
\rho}(1)$
ÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î $\widetilde{f}$´Â Àß Á¤ÀÇµÇ¾úÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

´ÙÀ½À¸·Î $\widetilde{f}$°¡ ¿¬¼ÓÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. $\widetilde{f}$°¡
¿¬¼ÓÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ $\forall y\in Y$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶² ±Ù¹æ $W_y$°¡
ÀÖ¾î¼­ $\widetilde{f}|_{W_y}$°¡ ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.
$x=f(y)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ evenly coverµÇ´Â ±Ù¹æÀ» $U_x$¶ó µÎ¸é $f$°¡
¿¬¼ÓÀÌ°í $Y$°¡ locally path connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î $f(W_y)\subset U_x$¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â path connected $W_y$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é $\forall z \in
W_y$ ´Â  $y$·ÎºÎÅÍ $W_y$¾È¿¡¼­ path $\tau_z$·Î  ¿¬°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í,
$\rho*\tau_z$´Â $y_0$·ÎºÎÅÍ $z$±îÁöÀÇ path¸¦ ÁØ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\widetilde{f}(z)=\widetilde{f\circ (\rho
*\tau_z)}(1)=\widetilde{f\circ \rho}*\widetilde{f\circ
\tau_z}(1)=\widetilde{f\circ \tau_z}(1)$ÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÌ ¶§
$\widetilde{f\circ \tau_z}$´Â $\widetilde{f}(y)$ ¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â
liftingÀÌ´Ù.  Áï $W_y$¾ÈÀÇ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ Á¡ $z$¸¦ $y_0$¿ÍÀÇ pathÀÇ
³¡Á¡À¸·Î º¸°í ÀÌ path¿¡¼­ $y$¿Í $z$¸¦ ÀÕ´Â ºÎºÐÀ» $f$·Î º¸³½ °ÍÀº
$U_x$¿¡ µé¾î°¨À» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ $U_x$¿¡¼­ÀÇ $V_a$¿ÍÀÇ homeomorphsim
$p^{-1}$¸¦ ¾²ÀÚ.

 $p^{-1}(U_x)=\displaystyle{\coprod_{a\in A}}V_a$ and
$\widetilde{f}(y)\in V_a$ ÀÌ¶ó°í µÎ¸é   $V_{a}$¿¡¼­ $p^{-1}$´Â
homeomorphismÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\tau_z$¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­
$\,\,\widetilde{f}|_{W_y}=p|_{V_a}^{-1}\circ f|_{W_y}$ ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö
ÀÖ°í, ¶Ç $\,\,\,\widetilde{f}$´Â pathÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ¿¡ ¹«°üÇÏ´Ù´Â
»ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×·¸°Ô µÉ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\widetilde{f}|_{W_y}$
´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù.

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î uniqueness ´Â Y°¡ connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î ÀÌÀüÀÇ Áõ¸í°ú °°´Ù.

\end{proof}

{\bf Remark.}  This is a generalization of \textit{Unique path
lifting property} and \textit{Lifting of path homotopy theorem}
and \textit{Covering homotopy property}.\\

Âü°í·Î \textit{Unique path lifting property}´Â $Y$°¡ $I$ÀÎ
°æ¿ìÀÌ°í, \textit{Lifting of path homotopy theorem}´Â $Y$°¡
$I\times I$ ÀÎ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀ» ´õ ÀÏ¹ÝÈ­ÇØ¼­  $I\times I$¸¦
$Y\times I$·Î º»
°æ¿ì°¡  \textit{Covering homotopy property}ÀÌ´Ù.\\

\textit{Covering homotopy property :}

covering $p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $f:Y\rightarrow
X$ÀÇ lifting $\widetilde{f}:Y\rightarrow \widetilde{X}$°¡
ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. $f$°¡  $g:Y\rightarrow X$ ¿Í homotopy $F:Y\times
I\rightarrow X(F|_{Y\times\{0\}}=f)$ ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ homotopicÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÒ
¶§ ÀÌ homotopy $F$¸¦  ´ÙÀ½ $\widetilde{F}$ ·Î lifting ½ÃÅ³ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.

$\widetilde{F}:Y\times I\rightarrow \widetilde{X}\,\,$,
$\,\,\,\,\widetilde{F}|_{Y\times \{0\}}=\widetilde{f}$.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 8. } \textit{$X=M^2$ with triangulation
T$\,\,\Rightarrow$ T
induces a triangulation $\widetilde{T}$ on $\widetilde{X}$.}\\



 {\bf ¼÷Á¦ 9.} ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î closed surface µéÀÇ n-fold coveringÀ»
 classifyÇÏ¶ó.



\end{document}
