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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Morphisms of Covering Space}

  \begin{defn}
  \textit{ Let $p_i:\widetilde{X}_i\rightarrow X, i=1,2 $ be  covering
  maps.\\A morphism of $\widetilde{X}_1$ to $\widetilde{X}_2$ is a
  map $\phi:\widetilde{X}_1\rightarrow \widetilde{X}_2$ such that
  the diagram }

  $\hspace{5.5em}\phi$

  $\hspace{3em}\widetilde{X}_1\hspace{1em}\rightarrow \hspace{1em}\widetilde{X}_2$

  $\hspace{3em}p_1\searrow \hspace{2em} \swarrow p_2 \hspace{5em}$ \textit{commutes.}

  $\hspace{5.5em}X$
  \end{defn}

Áï, À§ diagram ÀÌ commuteÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸»Àº fiber¸¦ fiber·Î º¸³½´Ù´Â
¶æÀÌ µÈ´Ù. À§¿Í °°ÀÌ morphismÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇßÀ» ¶§ 1-1,ontoÀÎ  morphism
À» isomorphismÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏ°í, Æ¯È÷ ÀÚ±âÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·Î °¡´Â isomorphismÀ»
deck transformation (or covering transformation) ÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

deck transformationÀÇ ¿¹·Î covering $p:\textbf{R}^1\rightarrow S^1$ ¿¡¼­\\ $\tau:\textbf{R}\rightarrow \textbf{R}
\,\,$,$\,\,\tau(x)=x+1$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ.

$\hspace{5.5em}\tau$

  $\hspace{3em}\textbf{R}\hspace{1em}\rightarrow \hspace{1em}\textbf{R}$

  $\hspace{3em}p\searrow \hspace{1.5em} \swarrow p \hspace{5em}$

  $\hspace{5.3em}S^1$


±×·¯¸é, $\tau$¸¦ ÃëÇÏ±â ÀüÀÇ $x$¸¦ $p$·Î º¸³½ °ÍÀÌ³ª $\tau$¸¦
ÃëÇÑ ÈÄ $p$·Î º¸³½ °ÍÀÌ³ª °°À½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, $p\circ \tau=p$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\tau$´Â deck transformationÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹·Î $p:S^n\rightarrow P^n$ ¿¡¼­ °¢ $[x]$ÀÇ
$p^{-1}$ÀÌ¹ÌÁöÀÎ $x,-x$ ¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Â map, Áï antipodal map $A$¸¦
»ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ. À§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î
 $ p(A(x))=p(-x)=p(x)$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î  $A$µµ deck transformationÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

\begin{thm}
Let $p_i:\widetilde{X}_i\rightarrow X, i=1,2 $ be  covering
  maps. Then

(1) $\exists$ a morphism
$\phi:(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x}_1)\rightarrow
(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x}_2)\Leftrightarrow$
$p_{1\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x}_1)\subset
p_{2\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x}_2)$. \\Such a
morphism
    is unique if it exists.

(2) A morphism $\phi$ is a covering map.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}\\
(1)ÀÇ Áõ¸íÀº ÀÌÀü¿¡ Çß´ø general lifting theorem ¿¡¼­¿Í °°°í, uniqueness ¿ª½Ã ÀÌÀü¿¡ Çß´ø °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù.

(2)ÀÇ Áõ¸íÀº $\phi$°¡ ontoÀÌ°í  evenly coverµÇ´Â ±Ù¹æÀ» °¡Áø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù.

¸ÕÀú $\phi$°¡ ontoÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $y\in \widetilde{X}_2$¿¡
´ëÇØ $\widetilde{x}_2$¿¡¼­ $y$ ·Î °¡´Â path $\rho$¸¦ ÀâÀÚ. ÀÌ
$\rho$ ¸¦ $p_2$ ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $X$·Î ³»¸° ÈÄ $\widetilde{X}_1$À¸·Î
liftingÀ» ½ÃÅ² °ÍÀ» $\widetilde{p_2\circ \rho}$¶ó µÎÀÚ.±×·¯¸é
$\phi$°¡ morphismÀÌ¶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ $\phi(\widetilde{p_2\circ
\rho})$´Â $\widetilde{X}_2$¿¡¼­ÀÇ $p_2\circ \rho$ ÀÇ liftingÀÌ
µÈ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, $\rho$ ¿ª½Ã $\widetilde{X}_2$¿¡¼­ÀÇ $p_2\circ \rho$
ÀÇ liftingÀÌ¹Ç·Î uniqueness¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µÑÀº °°´Ù. Áï,
$\phi(\widetilde{p_2\circ \rho})=\rho$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, ³¡Á¡µµ °°´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ $\phi$´Â onto ÀÌ´Ù.

´ÙÀ½À¸·Î, $\phi$°¡ evenly coverµÇ´Â ±Ù¹æÀ» °¡ÁüÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.

ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $y \in \widetilde{X}_2$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $p_2(y)=z\in X$ ¸¦
»ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ. ÀÌ $z$¿¡¼­ covering $p_1$¿¡ ´ëÇØ  evenly coverµÇ´Â
$U_1$°ú $p_2$¿¡ ´ëÇØ evenly coverµÇ´Â $U_2$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ µÑÀÇ
±³ÁýÇÕ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇ´Â path connectedÇÑ neighborhood¸¦ $U$·Î µÎÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é
$p_1^{-1}(U)=\displaystyle{\coprod_{a\in p_1^{-1}(z)}}V_a$,
$\,\,p_2^{-1}(U)=\displaystyle{\coprod_{b\in p_2^{-1}(z)}}W_b$ ·Î
µÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  Æ¯È÷ $y$¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â $\widetilde{X_2}$¿¡¼­ÀÇ copy¸¦
$W_y$¶ó µÎÀÚ. °¢ $V_a$¿¡¼­´Â($a\in p_1^{-1}(z)$) $p_1$Àº
homeomorphismÀÌ°í, ¶Ç $U$¿Í $W_y$¿¡¼­´Â $p_2$°¡  homeomorphism
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î  $\phi|_{V_a}=p_2|_{U}^{-1}\circ p_1|_{V_a}$ ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù. ($p_1|_{V_a}$ÀÇ liftingÀÇ uniqueness¿¡ ÀÇÇØ)±×·¯¸é ÀÌ  $W_y$´Â ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÇØ evenly covered µÈ´Ù.

$\displaystyle{\coprod_{a\in \phi^{-1}(y)}}V_a=\phi^{-1}(W_y)$.

\end{proof}




\begin{cor}
Let $\,\,p:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ be a universal covering
and $p_1:\widetilde{X}_1\rightarrow X$ be a covering. Then
$\exists$ a covering $\,\,\phi:
\widetilde{X}\hspace{1em}\rightarrow
\hspace{1em}\widetilde{X}_1\,\,\,\,$ such that $p_1\circ \phi = p$

$\hspace{14em}p\searrow \hspace{2em}\swarrow p_1$

$\hspace{16em}X$\\
\end{cor}

À§ µû¸§Á¤¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, $X$ÀÇ universal covering $\widetilde{X}$ °¡
ÀÖ±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥  coveringÀº $\widetilde{X}$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ covered
µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¿¹.} ´ÙÀ½Àº ¸ðµÎ universal covering µéÀÌ´Ù.

1 . $p:\mathbf{R}\rightarrow S^1$.

2 . $p:S^n\rightarrow p^n\,\,\,\,,\,\,\,\,\,\,(n\geq 2)$.

3 . $p: \mathbf{R}^n\rightarrow T^n$.\\

\begin{thm}(Existence and Uniqueness.)

Let $p_i:\widetilde{X}_i\rightarrow X, i=1,2 $ be  covering
  maps.
 Then

$\exists$ an isomorphism
$\phi:(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x_1})\rightarrow(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x_2})$
$\Longleftrightarrow
p_{1{\sharp}}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x_1})=p_{2{\sharp}}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x_2})$
\end{thm}

\begin{proof} ¾Õ SectionÀÇ Á¤¸® 1¿¡¼­ ÇÑÂÊ¹æÇâÀ» º¸¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ¾çÂÊ¿¡
´ëÇØ »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

À§ Á¤¸®¿¡¼­ base point ¿Í ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô ´ÙÀ½ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÔÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.

\begin{cor}

$\hspace{4.5em}\exists \phi$

$\hspace{7em}\widetilde{X}_1\hspace{1em}\rightarrow\hspace{1em}\widetilde{X}_2\hspace{3em},\phi:isomorphism.$

$\hspace{7em}p_1\searrow\hspace{2em}\swarrow p_2$

$\hspace{9.5em}X$

$\Leftrightarrow$ For some
$\,\,x=p_1(\widetilde{x}_1)=p_2(\widetilde{x}_2)$,
$\,\,p_{1\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X}_1,\widetilde{x}_1)$ and
$p_{2\sharp}\pi_2(\widetilde{X}_2,\widetilde{x}_2)$ belong to the
same conjugacy class in $\pi_1(X,x)$.
\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
ÀÌÀüÀÇ ApplicationºÎºÐ¿¡¼­
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x}_0)$ ¿Í
$p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\widetilde{X},\widetilde{x}_0')$  »çÀÌ¿¡´Â
conjugation °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 10.} Massey, "Algebraic topology : An introduction", p.
161, exc 6.4,\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 11.} Massey, "Algebraic topology : An introduction", p.
161, exc 6.5.









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