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\begin{document}
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  \section*{Applications }

\begin{thm}
If $n>1$, then $\pi_1(S^n)=0$.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
$f:(D^n, \partial D) \longrightarrow (S^n, x)$¸¦ $\partial D$¸¦ ÇÑ Á¡ $x \in S^n$·Î º¸³»´Â quotient mapÀÌ¶ó ÇÏÀÚ. $\pi_1(D^n)=0$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $f$´Â map $\tilde{f}: D^n \longrightarrow \widetilde{S^n}$·Î liftµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü, ¿©±â¿¡¼­ $\widetilde{S^n}$´Â $S^n$ÀÇ universal covering spaceÀÌ´Ù. (universal covering spaceÀÇ Á¸Àç¼ºÀº ÀÌÀü °­ÀÇnote ÂüÁ¶.)

$  \hspace{15em} (\widetilde{S^n}, \tilde{x}) $

$  \hspace{12em} \tilde{f}  \nearrow $

$  \hspace{8em} (D^n, \pD) \hspace{4em} \downarrow p $

$  \hspace{12em} f \searrow $

$  \hspace{15em} (S^n, x) $

ÀÌ ¶§, $\partial D$´Â connectedÀÌ°í, $\tilde{f}$´Â continuousÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\tilde{f}(\partial D)$ ¶ÇÇÑ connected spaceÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, $f(\partial D)=\{x\}$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\tilde{f}(\partial D)$´Â ÇÑ Á¡ ÁýÇÕÀÏ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. Áï, $\{\tilde{x}\}$ÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, $f$°¡ quotient mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\tilde{f}$·ÎºÎÅÍ induceµÈ continuous map $\bar{f}:S^n \longrightarrow \widetilde{S^n}$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ´ÙÀ½  $p \tilde{f} = f$°ú $\tilde{f} = \bar{f} f$ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ·ÎºÎÅÍ $f = p \tilde{f} = p \bar{f} f$¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $p \bar{f} = id_{S^n}$ÀÌ´Ù.

$\widetilde{S^n}$°¡ $S^n$ÀÇ universal covering spaceÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\pi_1(\widetilde{S^n}, \tilde{x}) = 0$ÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $id = id_{\sharp} = 0$ÀÌ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥ ÂüÁ¶) µû¶ó¼­, $\pi_1(S^n, x) = 0$.

$  \hspace{15em} \pi_1(\widetilde{S^n}, \tilde{x}) = 0 $

$  \hspace{12em} \bar{f}_{\sharp}  \nearrow $

$  \hspace{8em} \pi_1(S^n, x) \hspace{4em} \downarrow p_{\sharp} $

$  \hspace{10em} id_{\sharp}=id \searrow $

$  \hspace{15em} \pi_1(S^n, x) $
\end{proof}

\begin{cor}
If $n \ge 2$, then $\pi_1(P^n) = \mathbb{Z}/2$.
\end{cor}

\begin{proof}
Let $p: S^n \longrightarrow P^n$ be a 2-fold covering map. ( Consider a covering map that maps $x$ and $-x$ to the same point.) By the preceding theorem, we see that $\pi_1(S^n) =0$. So,
$$| \pi_1(P^n)| = |\pi_1(P^n)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(S^n)| = |p^{-1}(x)| = 2$$
But we know that there is only one group of order 2 up to isomorphism, namely, $\mathbb{Z}/2$. So we have $\pi_1(P^n) = \mathbb{Z}/2$.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
There is no ``antipode preserving'' map $f: S^2 \longrightarrow S^1$, i.e., there is no such map satisfying $f(-x)=-f(x)$ for every $x$.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
``Antipode preserving'' map $f:S^2 \longrightarrow S^1$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é, $f$´Â ´ÙÀ½ ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥À» commuteÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÇÔ¼ö $\bar{f}:P^2 \longrightarrow P^1$¸¦ induceÇÑ´Ù.

$$\begin{CD}
S^2 @> f >>             S^1 \\
@V{p}VV                @VV{p}V \\
P^2 @>> \bar{f} >       P^1
\end{CD} $$

$S^2$-»ó¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °íÁ¤Á¡ $x$¿Í ±×ÀÇ antipode $-x$¸¦ ÀÕ´Â path $\phi$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© º¸ÀÚ. $f$°¡ antipode preservingÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $f \phi$´Â $S^1$-»óÀÇ path·Î¼­, $f(x)$¿Í $-f(x)$¸¦ ÀÕ´Â °ÍÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ¸¦ p¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ³»·Áº¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, $\{pf \phi\}$´Â $\pi_1(P^1, [f(x)])$ÀÇ ÇÑ nontrivial element°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ $\phi$¸¦ $p$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹Ù·Î ³»·Á º¸¸é, ÀÌ´Â  $\pi_1(P^2, [x])$ÀÇ ÇÑ generator(nontrivial)ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ»óÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ¸é, $f$°¡ antipode preservingÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $\bar{f}_{\sharp} : \pi_1(P^2) \longrightarrow \pi_1(P^1)$Àº ÇÑ generator¸¦ nontrivial element·Î º¸³»°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, $\pi_1(P^2)=\mathbb{Z}/2$ÀÌ°í, $\pi_1(P^1)=\mathbb{Z}$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
(\emph{ Borsuk-Ulam} Theorem) Let $f: S^2 \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$. Then there exists $x \in S^2$ such that $f(x) = f(-x)$.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â »õ·Î¿î ÇÔ¼ö $g:S^2 \longrightarrow S^1$À» ´ÙÀ½
$$ g(x) := \frac{f(x) - f(-x)}{|| f(x) - f(-x)||}$$
°ú °°ÀÌ Àß Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, $g(-x) = -g(x)$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, $g$´Â antipode preserving mapÀÌ µÇ°í, À§ÀÇ Á¤¸®¿¡ ¸ð¼øÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}
\end{document}