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\begin{document}
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  \section*{The Induced Covering Over a Subspace}

ÀÌ note ÀüÃ¼¿¡ °ÉÃÄ, $p:\widetilde{X} \longrightarrow X$¸¦ covering mapÀÌ¶ó ÇÏ°í, $A$¸¦ $X$ÀÇ subspace¶ó °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $\wtA$´Â $p^{-1}(A)$ÀÇ ÇÑ path component¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. ¶ÇÇÑ, $i: A \longrightarrow X$¸¦ inclusion mapÀ¸·Î °íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

\begin{prop}
Let $A$ be a path-connected and locally path-connected subspace of $X$, and let $\wtA$ be a path-component of $p^{-1}(A)$. Then $p|_{\wtA} : \wtA \longrightarrow A$ is a covering map, and $p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tilde{a}) = i^{-1}_{\sharp}(p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtX, \tilde{a}))$.
\end{prop}

\begin{proof}
\begin{enumerate}
\item {\bf ¼÷Á¦} $p|_{\wtA} : \wtA \longrightarrow A$°¡ covering mapÀÌ µÊÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ½Ã¿À.

\item ¿ì¼±, $p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tilde{a}) \subset i^{-1}_{\sharp}(p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtX, \tilde{a}))$ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. ´ÙÀ½ ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥
$$\begin{CD}
(\wtA, \tda)  @> i >>  (\wtX, \tda) \\
@V{p|}VV                    @VV{p}V \\
(A,a)  @>> i >                (X,a)
\end{CD} $$
ÀÌ commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î, functor¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© º¸¸é, $i_{\sharp} p_{\sharp} \pi_1 (\wtA, \tda) = p_{\sharp} i_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tda)$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, $i_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tda) \subset \pi_1(\wtX, \tda)$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î,  $i_{\sharp} p_{\sharp} \pi_1 (\wtA, \tda) \subset p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtX, \tda)$ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, $p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tilde{a}) \subset i^{-1}_{\sharp}(p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtX, \tilde{a}))$¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.

\item ÀÌ¹ø¿¡´Â ¹Ý´ë ¹æÇâ, Áï, $p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tilde{a}) \supset i^{-1}_{\sharp}(p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtX, \tilde{a}))$ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ.
$\alpcl \in i^{-1}_{\sharp}(p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtX, \tilde{a}))$¶ó ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é $i_{\sharp}\alpcl \in p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX, \tda)$ÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­, $i_{\sharp}\alpcl = p_{\sharp}\{ \tilde{\bet} \}$ for some $\{ \tilde{\bet} \} \in \pi_1(\wtX, \tda)$. ÀÌ ¶§, $i_{\sharp}\alpcl = \{ i \circ \alp \} = \{ \alp \}$ in $\pi_1(X,a)$ÀÌ°í, $p_{\sharp}\{ \tilde{\bet} \} = \{ p \circ \tilde{\bet} \} =: \{ \bet \}$ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î "$\alp \sim \bet$ " ÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $\tilde{\alp}(1) = \tilde{\bet}(1) = \tilde{a}$°¡ µÇ¾î, $\{\tilde{\alp}\} \in \pi_1(\wtA, \tda)$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î, $\{\alp\} = \{p\circ\tilde{\alp}\} = p_{\sharp}\{\tilde{\alp}\} \in p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtA, \tda)$¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}

\begin{cor}
Let $p: \wtX \longrightarrow X$ be a universal covering, and let $A$ be a subspace of $X$. (As usual, $A$ is assumed to be path-connected and locally path-connected.) Let $\wtA$ be a path component of $p^{-1}(A)$. Then, $p_{\sharp} \pi_1(\wtA, \tda) = \ker i_{\sharp}$, and hence $p: \wtA \longrightarrow A$ is a universal covering if and only if $i_{\sharp}$ is injective.
\end{cor}

\begin{prop}
$p^{-1}(A) = \wtA$ if and only if $i_{\sharp} \pi_1(A,a)$ meets every coset of the subgroup $p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX, \tda)$ in $\pi_1(X,a)$.
\end{prop}

\begin{proof}
¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ÁÖÀåÀº, $p^{-1}(A) = \wtA$ÀÏ ÇÊ¿äÃæºÐÁ¶°ÇÀÌ $p^{-1}(a) = p|^{-1}_{\wtA}(a)$¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¼± $\Longrightarrow$ ¹æÇâÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ¹Ý´ë ¹æÇâÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇÏ¿©, $x \in p^{-1}(A)$¶ó ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é $p(x) \in A$ÀÌ°í, $p(x)$ºÎÅÍ $a$±îÁö¸¦ ÀÕ´Â $A$-À§ÀÇ path $\rho$¸¦ ÇÏ³ª ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¸¦ liftingÇÏ¿©, $\tilde{\rho}(0) = x$ÀÎ path $\tilde{\rho}$¸¦ ¾òÀ¸¸é, ±× ³¡Á¡ $\tilde{\rho}(1)$Àº $p^{-1}(a)$¿¡ µé¾î°¡°í, $p^{-1}(a) = p|^{-1}_{\wtA}(a)$ÀÌ¹Ç·Î, °á±¹ $\wtA$¿¡ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, $x$µµ °°Àº path component¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ¹Ç·Î, $x \in \wtA$ÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­, ¿ì¸®´Â $i: p|^{-1}_{\wtA}(a) \longrightarrow p^{-1}(a)$°¡ onto mapÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù.

¿ì¼±, ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î $(G,X)$°¡ group actionÀÌ¶ó ÇÏÀÚ. °¢ $x \in X$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, $ev_x : G \longrightarrow X$¸¦ $ev_x(g)=g \cdot x$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é ´ÙÀ½ ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥

$ \hspace{11em} ev_x$

$ \hspace{10em} G \longrightarrow G \cdot x $

$ \hspace{8em} can. \downarrow \hspace{1em} \nearrow \cong $

$ \hspace{10em} G/G_x$

ÀÌ commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î, Æ¯º°È÷ ´ÙÀ½ µÎ diagramµµ ¸ðµÎ commuteÇÑ´Ù.

$ \hspace{10em} ev                                                      \hspace{15em} ev    $

$ \hspace{6em} \pi_1(A,a) \longrightarrow p|_{\wtA}^{-1}(a)             \hspace{7em} \pi_1(X,a) \longrightarrow p^{-1}(a) $

$ \hspace{5em} can. \downarrow \hspace{3em} \nearrow \cong              \hspace{8em} can. \downarrow \hspace{3em} \nearrow \cong $

$ \hspace{6em} \pi_1(A)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtA)                           \hspace{8em} \pi_1(X)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX)$

¶ÇÇÑ, ´ÙÀ½ ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥
$$\begin{CD}
\pi_1(\wtX,\tda)        @> p_{\sharp} >>   \pi_1(X,a)          \\
@A i_{\sharp} AA                  @A i_{\sharp} AA      \\
\pi_1(\wtA,\tda)        @> p_{\sharp} >>    \pi_1(A,a)
\end{CD}$$
ÀÌ commuteÇÏ¹Ç·Î, $i_{\sharp} : \pi_1(A,a) \longrightarrow \pi_1(X,a)$°¡ induceÇÏ´Â map $\bar{\i}_{\sharp} : \pi_1(A)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtA) \longrightarrow \pi_1(X)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX)$¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ´ÙÀ½ ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥µµ commuteÇÑ´Ù.
$$\begin{CD}
\pi_1(X,a)        @>can.>>   \pi_1(X)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX)       \\
@A i_{\sharp} AA                  @A \bar{\i}_{\sharp} AA      \\
\pi_1(A,a)        @>can.>>   \pi_1(A)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtA)
\end{CD}$$

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ´ÙÀÌ¾î±×·¥
$$\begin{CD}
\pi_1(X,a)        @>ev>>             p^{-1}(a)       \\
@A i_{\sharp} AA                      @A i AA      \\
\pi_1(A,a)        @>ev>>             p|^{-1}_{\wtA}(a)
\end{CD}$$
ÀÌ commuteÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.

ÀÌ»óÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¸é,
$$\begin{CD}
\pi_1(X)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX)        @>\cong>>             p^{-1}(a)       \\
@A \bar{\i}_{\sharp} AA                                   @A i AA       \\
\pi_1(A)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtA)        @>\cong>>             p|^{-1}_{\wtA}(a)
\end{CD}$$
°¡ commuteÇÔÀ» ¾ò¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, µû¶ó¼­ $i$°¡ ontoÀÎ °Í°ú $\bar{\i}_{\sharp}$ÀÌ ontoÀÎ °ÍÀº µ¿Ä¡°¡ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº °ð $i_{\sharp} \pi_1(A,a)$°¡ $\pi_1(X,a)$¾ÈÀÇ ¸ðµç $p_{\sharp}\pi_1(\wtX, \tda)$ÀÇ coset°ú ¸¸³­´Ù´Â °Í°ú µ¿Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{cor}
If $p: \wtX \longrightarrow X$ is a universal covering, then
\begin{enumerate}
\item $p^{-1}(A)$ is path-connected if and only if $i_{\sharp}:\pi_1(A,a) \longrightarrow \pi_1(X,a)$ is onto.
\item $p : p^{-1}(A) \longrightarrow A$ is a universal covering if and only if $i_{\sharp}$ is an isomorphism. 
\end{enumerate}
\end{cor}


\end{document}