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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{Simplicial complex in $\mathbb{R}^N$}

\begin{defn}\textit{
$\{a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,a_n\}\subset \mathbf{R}^N$ is
geometrically independent(or affinely independent) if
$a_1-a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot, a_n-a_0$ are linearly independent.}
\end{defn}

{\bf Note.} geometrically independent$\Leftrightarrow$
$\displaystyle{\sum_{i=0}^{n}t_i a_i}=0\,\,\,\,$ with
$\,\,\displaystyle{\sum_{i=0}^{n}t_i}=0$ $\Rightarrow t_0=\cdot
\cdot \cdot t_n=0$.

Affine independence is a notion in affine space, i.e., invariant
nuder affine transformations.

\begin{defn}\textit{(n-simplex)\\
$\{a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot a_n\}\subset \mathbf{R}^N$ °¡
geometrically
independentÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ.\\
$\sigma=<a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,a_n>=\{x\in\mathbf{R}^n |
x=\displaystyle{\sum_{i=0}^{n}t_i a_i\,\,,\,\, t_i\geq 0
\,\,\,and\,\,\, \sum_{i=0}^{n}t_i=1 }\}$ \\=n-simplex spanned by
$\{a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot,a_n\}$.\\
=convex hull of $\{a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot a_n\}$}
\end{defn}

{\bf (1)} $t_i=t_i(x)$ for $x\in \sigma$ is uniquely determined
and called a \textit{barycentric coordinate} of $x$, and $t_i$ is
a continuous function of $x\in \sigma$.

{\bf (2)} $a_i$=vertex of $\sigma$, n=dim$\sigma$ÀÏ ¶§ a simplex
spanned by a subset of $\{a_0,\cdot \cdot \cdot a_n\}$ is called a
\textit{face} of $\sigma$.

$\overset{\circ}{\sigma}:=int(
\sigma)=\{x\in\sigma\,|\,\,t_i(\sigma)>0\,,\,t_i=0 ,\cdot \cdot
\cdot,n \}$.

$\partial \sigma$:=boundary of
$\sigma=\sigma-\overset{\circ}{\sigma}=\{x\in\sigma\,|\,\,t_i(x)=0,\,\,for\,\,
some \,\,i\}$

{\bf (3)} $\forall x\in \sigma$, $\exists!$ face $\tau$ of
$\sigma$(denoted by $\,\tau<\sigma$) such that $x\in
\overset{\circ}{\tau}$:

$\tau=<a_{i_0},\cdot \cdot \cdot,a_{i_k}\,|\,\,t_{i_j}(x)>0\,,\,\,
\,j=0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,k>$


\begin{defn}
\textit{(Simplicial complex)\\ A simplicial complex $K$ in
$\mathbf{R}^N$ } is a collection of simplices in $\mathbf{R}^N$
such that

(1)$\tau<\sigma,\,\sigma\in K\Rightarrow \tau\in K$, and


(2)$\sigma,\tau \in K \Rightarrow \sigma \cap \tau <\sigma$ and
$\sigma\cap\tau < \tau$.
\end{defn}

\begin{defn}\textit{(Subcomplex, Dimension, p-skeleton)\\
(1) $L\subset K$ is a subcomplex (denoted by $L<K$) if $L$ is a
simplicial complex in its own right.}

(2) $dimK:=max\{dim\,\sigma | \sigma \in K\}$.

(3) $p-skeleton$ of $K:=K^p=$the subcomplex consisting of all simplices of $K$ of dim$\leq p$.\\

\end{defn}

ÁÖ¾îÁø simplicial complex $K$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$|K|=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{\sigma\in K}} \sigma\subset
\mathbf{R}^N$ ¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ. $|K|$¿¡ topology¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁØ´Ù.

Topology of $|K|$ :

(1)each of $\sigma$ has the usual induced subspace topology in
$\mathbf{R}^N$.

(2)$A\subset |K|$ is closed (open, respectively) if $A\cap \sigma$
is closed(open, respectively) in $\sigma$, $\forall \,\sigma\in
K.$

$|K|$ÀÇ closed setÀ» (2)¿Í °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¸é ÀÌ´Â $|K|$¿¡ topology
±¸Á¶¸¦ ÁÖ°í ÀÌ¸¦ weak (or coherent) topology ¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ
$|K|$ with a weak topology ¸¦ $K$ÀÇ
underlying space(or a polytope) ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 12.} ÀÏ¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ÁýÇÕ $X$¿¡¼­ $S_{\alp}\subset
X,\forall\,\alp$ ÀÌ°í °¢ $S_{\alp}$´Â topological spacesÀÏ ¶§,
´ÙÀ½ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ.

1.$S_{\alp}\cap S_{\beta}$ is open(closed, respectively) in
$S_{\alp}$ and $S_{\beta}\,$, $\,\forall\,\,$ $\alp,\beta$

2.topology on $S_{\alp}\cap S_{\beta}$ induced from $S_{\alp}$=
topology on $S_{\alp}\cap S_{\beta}$ induced from $S_{\beta}$

ÀÌ ¶§ $X=\displaystyle{\bigcup_{\alp}}S_{\alp}$ ¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
topology¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$A \subset X $ is open(closed, respectively) if $A\cap S_{\alp}$
is open(closed, respectively) in each $S_{\alp}$.

±×·¯¸é ÀÌ·± $A$µéÀº $X$»ó¿¡ topology¸¦ Àß Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ´Â
´ÙÀ½À» ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù.

the subspace topology of $S_{\alp}$ as a subspace of $X$=the
original topology of
$S_{\alp}$.\\

ÀÌ topology¸¦ $\{S_{\alp}\}$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ inducedµÈ weak or coherent
topology¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±×¸®°í $X$°¡ polytope °ú homeomorphic ÇÒ ¶§
$X$¸¦ polyhedronÀÌ¶ó°í
ÇÑ´Ù.\\

{\bf Note.} The weak topology of $|K|$ is finer than the subspace
topology of $|K|\subset \mathbf{R}^N$, i.e., $id:|K|_w \rightarrow
|K|_s$ is continuous.

(Áõ¸í) $A\subset |K|$ °¡ closed in $|K|_s$ ÀÌ¸é $A$´Â subspace
topology ·Î closedÀÌ°í $A\cap \sigma$´Â $\sigma$¿¡¼­ closedÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $A$´Â weak topology·Î closedÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf Examples.}

1 . $[0,1]$



    \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=0.45,clip=true]{graph6.eps}}

    \end{figure}







$(0,1]$Àº subspace topology·Î º¸¸é K¿¡¼­ openÀÌÁö¸¸, weak
topology·Î º¸¸é ÀÌ´Â closedÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é °¢ $K$ÀÇ simplexµé°ú
$(0,1]$°úÀÇ ±³ÁýÇÕÀº $\emptyset$ È¤Àº simplex ÀÚ½ÅÀ¸·Î ³ª¿À¹Ç·Î
ÀÌ´Â closedÀÌ´Ù.

2 .

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1.2,clip=true]{graph7.eps}}

    \end{figure}

$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 7\\

 $\sigma$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$´Â $|K|_w$¿¡¼­ open
ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$¿Í, $\sigma$¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ
³ª¸ÓÁö $\tau$ ¿ÍÀÇ ±³ÁýÇÕÀº ¸ðµÎ $\emptyset$ ÀÌ°í ÀÌ´Â $\tau$¿¡¼­
openÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ $\sigma$¿ÍÀÇ ±³ÁýÇÕÀº $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$
ÀÎµ¥ ÀÌ ¿ª½Ã $\sigma$¿¡¼­ openÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$´Â
$|K|_w$¿¡¼­ open ÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$´Â $|K|_s$¿¡¼­ open ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
subspace topology ·Î ºÃÀ» ¶§, $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$»óÀÇ ÇÑ
Á¡¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ±Ù¹æÀ» Àâ¾Æµµ ´Ù¸¥ simplex $\tau\in K $ ¿Í ¸¸³ª¹Ç·Î
interior point°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\overset{\circ}{\sigma}$´Â
openÀÏ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

3 . If $K$ is a \textit{finite} simplicial complex in
$\mathbf{R}^N$ , then

$\hspace{4em}$ weak topology of $|K|$=subspace topology of $|K|$.

\begin{proof}($\supseteq$)´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Õ¿¡¼­ º¸¿´°í,
$(\subseteq)$¸¦ º¸ÀÌ¸é µÈ´Ù. F¸¦ $|K|_w$ ¿¡¼­ closedÀÎ subset
ÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é ¸ðµç $\sigma$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $F\cap \sigma$ ´Â
$\sigma$¿¡¼­ closedÀÌ°í, $\sigma$ ´Â $\mathbf{R}^N$¿¡¼­ closed
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $F\cap \sigma$ ´Â $\mathbf{R}^N$¿¡¼­ closedÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é,
$\displaystyle{F=\bigcup_{\sigma}(F\cap \sigma)}$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î closed
subsetÀÇ finite unionÀº ¿ª½Ã closedÇÏ´Ù´Â ¼ºÁú¿¡ µû¶ó $F$´Â
$\mathbf{R}^N$¿¡¼­ closedÀÌ´Ù.\end{proof}\\

ÀÌÁ¦ µÎ simplicial complex »çÀÌÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ.

{\bf Á¤ÀÇ 5} \textit{A simplicial map} $\phi:K\rightarrow L$ is a
function from $V(K)$ to $ V(L)$ such that $\sigma\in K\Rightarrow
\phi(\sigma)\in L$.


µÎ simplicial mapÀ» ÇÕ¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿ª½Ã simplicial mapÀÌ µÇ°í,
$1_{K}$ ¿ª½Ã simplicial map ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ simplicial complexµé°ú
simplicial mapµéÀº category¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.








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