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\begin{document}
\parindent=0cm
\section*{Simplicial approximation theorem}

{\bf Barycentric subdivision, $sd K$}

$\sigma=<a_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_n>\subset \mathbf{R}^n$ ÀÌ
ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ ¶§, $\sigma$ÀÇ barycenter ¸¦

$\hspace{7em}\hat{\sigma}=\displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1}}\sum_{i=0}^{n}a_i$

·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é, $\mathbf{R}^n$ÀÇ simplicial complex $K$¿¡
´ëÇØ barycentric subdivision $sd K$´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù.\\

$V(sdK)= \{{\hat{\sigma}}\,|\,\sigma\in K\}$
ÀÌ°í,
$sd(K)=\{\{\hat{\sigma_1},\cdot\cdot\cdot, \hat{\sigma_p}
\}\,\,|\,\,\sigma_1\lneq\cdot\cdot\cdot\lneq
\sigma_p\,,\,\,\sigma_i\in K,p=1,2,\cdot\cdot\cdot \}$.\\

{\bf Note.} $|sdK|=|K|$.


\begin{defn}\textit{(mesh(K))}
$K$°¡ $\mathbf{R}^N$ ÀÇ finite simplicial complex ÀÏ ¶§

$mesh(K):=max\{diam(\sigma)\,\,|\,\,\sigma\in K\}$.


\end{defn}

\begin{prop}

$\hspace{20em}\\$ (1) $\sigma$ °¡ $\mathbf{R}^N$ÀÇ nÂ÷¿ø simplexÀÏ
¶§, $mesh(sd(\sigma))\leq\frac{n}{n+1} mesh(\sigma)\,\,$ ÀÌ´Ù.

(2) $K\,$°¡ $\mathbf{R}^N$ÀÇ nÂ÷¿ø finite simplicial complexÀÏ ¶§,

$mesh(sd(K))\leq\frac{n}{n+1} mesh(K)\,\,$ ÀÌ´Ù.

\end{prop}

\begin{proof}
(2)´Â (1)ÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú $\frac{x}{x+1}$ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÔ¼ö¶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Ù·Î
³ª¿À¹Ç·Î, (1)À» Áõ¸íÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ±â¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ ´ÙÀ½ Note¸¦
»ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.

{\bf Note.} 1.$\forall\,\, \sigma,\,\, \exists\,$ an edge $
e<\sigma\,$ such that $\,diam(\sigma)=length(e).$

2.$\forall \,\,x\in\sigma,\,\,|\hat{\sigma}-x|\leq
|\hat{\sigma}-v|$ for some vertex $v$ of $\sigma$, and
$|\hat{\sigma}-v|\leq \frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)$.

(Áõ¸í)$|\hat{\sigma}-v_0|=|\displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1}
\sum_{i=0}^n} v_i - v_0|\\=
| \frac{1}{n+1}\displaystyle{\sum_{i=0}^n (v_i-v_0)} |$\\
=$ |\displaystyle{\frac{1}{n+1} \sum_{i=1}^n (v_i-v_0)} | $

$\displaystyle{ \leq \frac{1}{n+1} \sum_{i=1}^n |v_i-v_0|} $

$\displaystyle{\leq \frac{n}{n+1}max_i|v_i-v_0|} $ $
\displaystyle{\leq\frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)
} $ ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ (1)ÀÇ Áõ¸íÀ» ÇÏ¸é, $\forall\,\tau \in sd(\sigma)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$\tau$ÀÇ ¸ðµç edge $e$´Â barycenter¿¡¼­ È¤Àº faceÀÇ barycenter¿¡¼­
³ª°¡¹Ç·Î Note 2¿¡ ÀÇÇØ $length(e)\leq \frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)$
ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Note 1¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$mesh(\tau)\leq\frac{n}{n+1}mesh(\sigma)$ ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{proof}

\begin{cor}

$mesh(sd^N K)\leq C(\frac{n}{n+1})^N$ and converges to 0 if
$N\rightarrow \infty$.
\end{cor}


{\bf Note.} $g:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ÀÌ simplicial map ÀÌ¸é,
$\forall\,\,v\in V(K)$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ


$\hspace{3em}g(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$ ÀÌ´Ù.

(Áõ¸í)$x\in st(v)\Leftrightarrow t_v(x)>0$.

$g$°¡ simplicial mapÀÌ¹Ç·Î $t_v(x) \leq t_{g(v)}(g(x))$ ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­

$ t_{g(v)}(g(x))>0 \Rightarrow g(x)\in st(g(v)).$

\begin{prop}
Let $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ be a map and $g:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ be
a simplicial map. Then the followings are equivalent.

(1) $\forall\,x\in|K|$, $f(x)\in \overset{\circ}\tau \Rightarrow
g(x) \in \tau$.

(2) $\forall\,x\in|K|$, $f(x)\in \tau \Rightarrow g(x) \in \tau$.

(3) $\forall\,v\in V(K),f(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$.

ÀÌ °æ¿ì $g$¸¦ $f$ÀÇ simplicial approximation ÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
\end{prop}

\begin{proof}
(2)$\Rightarrow $(1) Àº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù.

(1)$\Rightarrow$(3) $x\in st(v)$,$f(x)\in\overset{\circ}\tau$ ¶ó
³õÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é

$t_v(x)>0,\,\,g(x)\in\tau$

$\Rightarrow t_{g(v)}(g(x))>0,\,\,g(x)\in\tau$

$\Rightarrow g(x)\in st(g(v))\,\,$ and $\,\,g(x)\in \tau$

Áï $g(v)$´Â $\tau$ÀÇ vertexÀÌ°í, $\overset{\circ}\tau\subset
st(g(v))$ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $f(x)\in\overset{\circ}\tau\subset
st(g(v))$.

(3)$\Rightarrow $(2) $x\in\overset{\circ}\sigma$ ÀÌ°í,
$f(x)\in\tau$¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌ ¶§, ÀÓÀÇÀÇ $v\in V(\sigma)$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ

$x\in st(v)$ÀÌ´Ù. $f(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$ ·ÎºÎÅÍ$ f(x)\in
st(g(v))$ ÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­ $g(v)$´Â $\tau$ÀÇ vertex°¡ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$g(\sigma)\subset \tau$ ÀÌ°í $g(x)\in \tau$ÀÌ´Ù.

\end{proof}

\begin{thm}
Let $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ be a map which satisfies "star
condition", i.e.,

$\forall\,\,v\in V(K),\,\,\exists\,\,w\in V(L)$ such that
$f(st(v))\subset st(w)$. Then

$\,\,\exists\,\,g:K\rightarrow L$ which is a simplicial
approximation of $f$.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
¸ðµç $v\in V(K)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ  $f(st(v))\subset st(w)$¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹«·±
$w$ ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿©  $g(v)=w$·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏÀÚ. ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ $g$°¡ simplicial
mapÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ

$<v_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,v_k>$ °¡ simplex ÀÌ¸é,
$<g(v_0),\cdot\cdot\cdot,g(v_k)>$°¡ simplex ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. simplex
$<v_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,v_k>$¸¦ $\sigma$·Î ³õÀ¸¸é
$\overset{\circ}\sigma$¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â $x\in\overset{\circ}\sigma$ °¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, ÀÌ $x$¿¡ ´ëÇØ
$x\in\displaystyle{\bigcap_{i=0}^n}st(v_i)$ ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§,

$f(x)\in \displaystyle{f(\bigcap st(v_i))\subset \bigcap
f(st(v_i))\subset \bigcap st(w_i)}\,,\,w_i=g(v_i)$ ÀÌ µÇ¾î ¸ðµç
$i$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $f(x)\subset st(w_i)$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$t_{w_i}(f(x))>0,\,\forall\,\,i$ ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­

$<w_0,\cdot\cdot\cdot,w_k>=<g(v_0),\cdot\cdot\cdot,g(v_k))>$ ´Â
simplex¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.(interior point $f(x)$°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î). µû¶ó¼­
$g$´Â simplicial mapÀÌ µÇ°í $f(st(v))\subset st(g(v))$ ¸¦
¸¸Á·ÇÏ¹Ç·Î ¾ÕÀÇ ¸íÁ¦ 3ÀÇ (3)À» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿© $g$´Â $f$ÀÇ simplicial
approximationÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
\end{proof}\\

{\bf Remark.} $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$°¡ $K$ÀÇ subcomplex $M$¿¡¼­
ÀÌ¹Ì simplicial mapÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é À§ Á¤¸®ÀÇ Áõ¸í°úÁ¤¿¡¼­
$g$¸¦ ÀâÀ» ¶§, $M$¿¡¼­ÀÇ °ªÀº ±×´ë·Î ÁÖ°í (¾Õ Note¿¡¼­ simplicial
mapÀº star conditionÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¹Ç·Î ) ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐ¸¸ Á¤¸®ÀÇ Áõ¸íÃ³·³
ÇÏ¸é µÇ¹Ç·Î $g|_{|M|}=f|_{|M|}$ ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï approximation
½ÃÅ³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

\begin{thm}(Simplicial approximation theorem)

K,L Àº finite simplicial complex µéÀÏ ¶§,

(1) ÁÖ¾îÁø map $f:|K|\rightarrow |L|$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶² $N$ ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇØ¼­
$f$´Â simplicial approximation $g:sd^N \,K\rightarrow L$ À» °¡Áú
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

(2) $g$°¡ $f$ÀÇ simplicial approximationÀÌ¸é, $f\simeq g$ ÀÌ´Ù.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}

(1) $\mathcal{U}=\{f^{-1}(st(w))\,|\,w\in V(L)\}$ Àº $|K|$ÀÇ open
covering ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. $K$°¡ finiteÀÌ¹Ç·Î $|K|$´Â compactÀÌ°í µû¶ó¼­
open covering $\mathcal{U}$¿¡ ´ëÇØ Lebesgue number $\eps$ÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, $mesh(sd^N K)<\frac{\eps}{2}$ ¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏµµ·Ï $N$À»
ÃæºÐÈ÷ Å©°Ô ÀâÀ¸¸é $sd^N K$ ¾ÈÀÇ °¢ starµéÀº diamÀÌ $\eps$º¸´Ù
ÀÛ°í µû¶ó¼­ ¾î¶² $U \in \mathcal{U} $¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é $f:|sd^N
K|\rightarrow |L|$ Àº star conditionÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ°í $|sd^N K|=|K|$
ÀÌ¹Ç·Î Á¤¸® 4¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿øÇÏ´ø $g$ °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.

(2) $g$¸¦ $f$ÀÇ simplicial approximationÀÌ¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú $L$Àº
finiteÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\mathbf{R}^N$¿¡ embeddedµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¶§ $F:|K|\times I \rightarrow |L|$, $F(x,t)=tf(x)+(1-t)g(x)$ °¡
$f$¿Í $g$»çÀÌÀÇ  homotopy°¡ µÊÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú °¢ $f(x)$¿Í $g(x)$´Â
°°Àº simplex¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î $F$´Â Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ $f$¿Í $g$´Â
¿¬¼ÓÀÌ¹Ç·Î $F$ ¿ª½Ã ¿¬¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $F$´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â homotopyÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf Remark.} Á¤¸® 5¿¡¼­ ²À $sd^N K$ ¿©¾ß ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù. Áõ¸í¿¡¼­
$mesh$ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² subdivision¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ
¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ K¿Í LÀÌ finite°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶óµµ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.(See Munkres
16.5,19.4,20.5.)
ÀÌ¸¦ º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ´ÙÀ½ »ç½ÇÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.\\

{\bf Fact.} $F:|K| \times I \rightarrow |L|$ is continuous

$\Leftrightarrow \,\,F:|\sigma|\times I\rightarrow |L|$ is
continuous.

(ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ Áõ¸íÀº ´ÙÀ½ ¼÷Á¦·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ¸íÇÏ´Ù.)\\

{\bf ¼÷Á¦ 16.} \\The topology of $|K|\times I$ is coherent with
the subspaces $\{|\sigma|\times I \,\,|\,\,\sigma \in K\}$.



\end{proof}


\end{document}
