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\begin{document}
 \parindent=0cm
  \section*{Application}

  \textit{{\bf $1\,\,.\,\, \pi_1(S^n)$=0, $n\geq 2$}}

  \begin{proof}
 simplicial approximation Á¤¸®¿Í $S^n\setminus
 \{point\}=\mathbf{R}^N$ÀÌ contractibleÀÌ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ»
 ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÀÚ. $S^1$¿¡¼­ $S^n$À¸·Î °¡´Â $\alp$°¡ onto¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, $S^n$»ó¿¡¼­
 $\alp$ÀÇ image°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Á¡ $x_0$ ¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í $S^n\setminus
 \{x_0\}=\mathbf{R}^N$ÀÌ contractibleÀÌ¹Ç·Î Áõ¸íÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ´Ù.

¸ÕÀú simplicial map ÀÚÃ¼´Â $p$-skeleton À»  $p$-skeleton À¸·Î
º¸³»¹Ç·Î $\alp$ÀÇ simplicial approximation $\alp '$´Â onto°¡ µÉ ¼ö
¾ø°í, µû¶ó¼­ $\alp'$Àº ÇÑ Á¡À¸·Î contractible ÇÏ°í $\alp \sim \alp
'$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\alp$ µµ contractibleÇÏ´Ù.

ÀÌ Áõ¸í¿¡¼­ base point´Â vertex°¡ µÇµµ·Ï simplicial complex ±¸Á¶¸¦
$S^1$°ú $S^n$¿¡ Àû´çÈ÷ ÁØ´Ù. Á¤¸® 4ÀÇ Remark¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
$\alp(base\,\,point)=\alp'(base\,\,point)$¶ó µÎ¾îµµ »ó°ü¾ø´Ù.

  \end{proof}

{\bf $2\,\,.\,\, i:K^1\hookrightarrow K$ induces an epimorphism
$i_*:\pi_1(|K^1|)\rightarrow \pi_1(|K|)$.}

{\bf$\hspace{1.2em}i:K^2\hookrightarrow K$ induces an isomorphism
$i_*:\pi_1(|K^2|)\rightarrow \pi_1(|K|)$.  }\\


\begin{proof}
¸ÕÀú epimorphism ÀÌ µÊÀ» º¸ÀÌÀÚ. $\pi_1(|K|)$ÀÇ ¿ø $\{\alp\}$¿¡
´ëÇØ  simplicial approximation $\alp '$À» »ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú $\alp
\sim \alp'$ ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ°í ($\alp$¿Í $\alp '$ »çÀÌÀÇ homotopy
$F$´Â $F(x,t)=t(fx)+(1-t)g(x)$ ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ¸¸ÀÏ $f(x_0)=g(x_0)$
ÀÌ¶ó¸é $F(x_0,t)$ °¡ t°¡ º¯ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È °è¼Ó $f(x_0)=g(x_0)$ ·Î
À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù.) $\{\alp ' \}\in\pi_1(|K^1|)$ÀÌ´Ù. Áï $i_*(\{\alp
'\})=\{\alp\}$ ¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â $\{\alp ' \}$°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î onto ÀÓÀÌ
Áõ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ µÎ¹øÂ° ¸íÁ¦´Â 1-1 ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. 1-1
ÀÓÀ» º¸ÀÌ±â À§ÇØ ÀÌÀü¿¡ º¸¿´´ø ´ÙÀ½ note¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÀÚ.

{\bf Note.}\textit{ $\alp:S^1\rightarrow X$ represent a zero
element in $\pi_1(X)$ if and only if}

\textit{$\hspace{3em}\exists\,\,extension\,\,\overline{\alp}:D^2\rightarrow
X.$}

¾î¶² $\{\alp\} \in \pi_1(|K^2|)$ °¡ $i_*$¿¡ ÀÇÇØ identity ·Î
°£´Ù¸é, $\alp$¸¦ $|K|$ÀÇ loop·Î ºÃÀ» ¶§ À§ note ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ extension
$\overline{\alp}$ °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¹Ç·Î ´ÙÀ½ diagram ÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.\\

$\,\,\,|K^2|\hspace{1em}\rightarrow\hspace{1em}
|K|\hspace{4em}|K^2|\hspace{1em}\rightarrow\hspace{1em} |K| $

$\alp\uparrow\hspace{6.5em}\Rightarrow
\hspace{2.5em}\alp\uparrow\hspace{4em}\uparrow
\exists\,\overline{\alp}$

$\,\,\,S^1\hspace{10.5em}S^1\hspace{1.5em}\subset\hspace{1.3em}D^2$\\

¿©±â¼­ $\overline{\alp}$ÀÇ simplicial approximation
$\overline{\alp}'$¸¦ ÀâÀ¸¸é


$\,\,\,K^2\hspace{1em}\rightarrow\hspace{1em} K\hspace{4em}$

$\hspace{1em}\exists\,\overline{\alp'}\nwarrow$

$\,\,\,\hspace{4.5em}D^2$

°¡ µÇ°í ÀÌ ¶§ $\{\overline{\alp}'|_{\partial D^2}\}=\{\alp\}$
ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é, $\overline{\alp}'\simeq \overline{\alp}$ ÀÌ°í
$\overline{\alp}|_{\partial D^2}=\alp$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\overline{\alp
}'|_{\partial D^2}$Àº $\alp$¿Í equivalentÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\{\overline{\alp }'|_{\partial D^2}\}=\{\alp\}$ ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥
$\{\overline{\alp}'|_{\partial D^2}\}=0$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î  $\{\alp\}=0$
ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ 1-1ÀÓÀ» º¸¿´´Ù.









\end{proof}
\end{document}
