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\begin{document}
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  \section*{Examples}

  {\bf 1. $\pi(S^1)=\mathbb{Z}_1=F_1$}\\

  $\pi_1(figure\,\,\,\, eight)=\mathbb{Z}*\mathbb{Z}=F_2.$

  $\pi_1(S^2\vee S^1)=1*\mathbb{Z}=\mathbb{Z}=F_1.$

  $\pi_1(S^2\vee S^2)=1.$

  $\pi_1(S^1\vee S^2 \vee S^1)=\mathbb{Z}*\mathbb{Z}=F_2.$\\

  {\bf 2. $\pi_1(T^2)=\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}$ ;}\\

torus¸¦ ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ º¸ÀÚ.\\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph17.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 17\\


 ±×¸²ÀÇ ¿ÞÂÊ ºÎºÐÀ» $A$¶ó µÎ°í
¿À¸¥ÂÊ ºÎºÐÀ» $B$¶ó µÎ¸é, ÀÌ ¶§ torus $K=A\cup B$ °¡ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ¸¦ ¾Æ·§±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph18.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 18\\

$A,B,K,A\cap B,A\cup B$ ´Â Van Kampen Theorem ÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸ðµÎ
¸¸Á·ÇÏ¹Ç·Î
 ${\pi_1(K,v_0)=\pi_1(A,v_0)*\pi_1(B,v_0)}/N$ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 µû¶ó¼­ $\pi_1(A,v_0)$¿Í $\pi_1(B,v_0)$¸¦ ¾Ë¸é µÈ´Ù. $
 \pi_1(A,v_0)$´Â À§ ±×¸²ÀÇ AºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ »ç°¢Çü ³»ºÎÀÇ ¿øÀ» ¹Ù±ù
 »ç°¢ÇüÀÇ boundary·Î retract ½ÃÅ°¸é ÀÌ´Â $aba^{-1}b^{-1}$ °¡ µÇ¾î
 figure eight °ú °°Àº ²ÃÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $\pi_1(A,v_0)$ ´Â $F_2$ °¡
 µÈ´Ù. $\pi_1(B,v_0)$´Â 1ÀÓÀ» ½±°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í $A\cap B$´Â circle
 ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\pi_1(A\cap B)=\mathbb{Z}$ ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í\\

 $\hspace{3em}F_2=<a,b\,\,|\,\,\,>\hspace{3em}1$

$\hspace{6em}i\nwarrow\hspace{3.5em}\nearrow j$

$\hspace{6em}\mathbb{Z}=<x\,\,|\,\,>$\\

À§ diagram¿¡¼­ $\underset{\mathbb{Z}}{*}$ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ µû¶ó $i(x)$ ¿Í
$j(x)$ ¸¦ °°°Ô º¸´Â relationÀ» ÁÖ¸é µÇ¹Ç·Î generator ´Â $a,b$ÀÌ°í
relation Àº $x\in \pi_1(A\cap B)$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $i(x)=j(x)$ ÀÌ´Ù. Áï
$\pi_1(K,v_0)=<a,b\,\,|\,\,i(x)=j(x)>$ ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥
$\pi_1(B,v_0)=1$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $j(x)=1$ ÀÌ°í $A$¿Í $B$ÀÇ ±³ÁýÇÕ ºÎºÐÀÎ
circle¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â $i(x)$´Â ¹Ù±ù »ç°¢ÇüÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î
$i(x)=aba^{-1}b^{-1}$ ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ relationÀº
$[a,b]=aba^{-1}b^{-1}=1$ ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
$\pi_1(T^2)=F_2\underset{\mathbb{Z}}{*}1=<a,b\,\,|\,\,\,[a,b]=1>=\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$ÀÌ´Ù.\\

{\bf 3. $\pi_1(P^2)=\mathbb{Z}/2$} ;

(¹æ¹ý 1.) $S^2$ ´Â $P^2$ÀÇ covering ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ $S^2$´Â
simply connectedÀÌ¹Ç·Î $S^2$´Â $P^2$ÀÇ universal covering ÀÌ´Ù.
$p^{-1}(x)$¿Í $\pi_1(X)/p_{\sharp}\pi_1(X)$´Â ÀÏ´ëÀÏ´ëÀÀ°ü°è¸¦
°¡Áö´Âµ¥ universal coveringÀÌ¶ó´Â ¼ºÁú¿¡¼­  $p_{\sharp}\pi_1(X)$´Â
1ÀÌ µÇ¾î  $\pi_1(X)$´Â $p^{-1}(x)$ Áï fiber¿Í °³¼ö°¡ °°´Ù. $P^2$ÀÇ
°¢ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ fiber°¡ µÎ Á¡ÀÌ¹Ç·Î $\pi_1(P^2)$´Â $\mathbb{Z}/2$ÀÏ
¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.\\

(¹æ¹ý 2.) Van Kampen theoremÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ±â À§ÇØ  $P^2$¸¦ ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²°ú
°°ÀÌ
º¸ÀÚ.\\


 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph19.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 19\\



ÀÌ ¶§ $\pi_1(A)=\mathbb{Z}=<a\,\,|\,\,\,>$, $\pi_1(B)=1$,
$\pi_1(A\cap B)=\mathbb{Z}$ ÀÓÀ» ½±°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°í
$\mathbb{Z}_2\underset{\mathbb{Z}}{*}1$ À» »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. $x\in
A\cap B$ ¿¡ ´ëÇØ $i(x)=aa$ °¡ µÇ°í, $j(x)=1$ ÀÌ µÇ¾î $a^2=1$
ÀÌ¶ó´Â relationÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
$\pi_1(P^2)=<a\,\,|\,\,a^2=1>=\mathbb{Z}/_2 $ °¡ µÈ´Ù.\\

ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ compact surface¿¡ ´ëÇØ fundamental groupÀ» °è»êÇØ º¸ÀÚ.\\

{\bf 1. Orientable surfaces.}\\

orientable surface´Â $T^2\sharp T^2\sharp \cdot\cdot\cdot \sharp
T^2$ ²Ã·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¹Ç·Î genus g°³Â¥¸® ´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²ÀÇ orientable
surface¸¦ »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.\\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph20.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 20\\


À§ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ $A$´Â
$\overset{2g}{\overbrace{S^1\vee\cdot\cdot\cdot\vee S^1}}$ =
$\overset{2g}{\vee}S^1$ ( = bouquet of 2g circles =
2g°³ÀÇ
circleµéÀ» one point unionÇÑ °Í ) °ú homotopy equivalentÇÏ¹Ç·Î
 $\pi_1(A,v_0)=F_{2g}$ °¡ µÈ´Ù. ( genus ÇÏ³ªÂ¥¸®´Â
figure eight $S^1\vee S^1$ ÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ $\pi_1$Àº $F_2$°¡ µÈ´Ù.)
¶ÇÇÑ $\pi_1(B,v_0)=1$ ÀÌ°í $x\in A\cap B$¿¡ ´ëÇØ

$a_1b_1a_1^{-1}b_1^{-1}a_2b_2a_2^{-1}b_2^{-1}\cdot\cdot\cdot
a_gb_ga_g^{-1}b_g^{-1}=i(x)=j(x)=1$ ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­
´ÙÀ½³»¿ëÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.

$\pi_1(\Sigma g)=<a_1,b_1,\cdot\cdot\cdot
,a_g,b_g\,\,|\,\,[a_1,b_1]\cdot\cdot\cdot [a_g,b_g]=1>$.\\

{\bf 2. Nonorientable surfaces.}\\

nonorientable surface $P^2\sharp P^2\sharp\cdot\cdot\cdot \sharp
P^2$¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØº¸ÀÚ. ´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ \\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph21.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 21\\




$\pi_1(A,v_0)=<a_1,a_2,\cdot\cdot\cdot ,a_k\,\,|\,\,\,>$ ÀÌ µÇ°í
$\pi_1(B,v_0)=1$ ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. $x\in A\cap B$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $i(x)=j(x)$ ¸¦
Ã£À¸¸é $a_1a_1a_2a_2\cdot\cdot\cdot a_ka_k=1$ ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­


$\pi_1(N_k)=<a_1,a_2,\cdot\cdot\cdot,a_k\,\,|\,\,a_1^2a_2^2\cdot\cdot\cdot
a_k^2=1
>$.\\

{\bf Dunce hat.}\\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph22.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 22\\




À§ ±×¸²ÀÇ $\pi_1$À» »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ³»ºÎ¿¡
¿øÀ» Àâ¾Æ¼­  $A,B$ ·Î ³ª´©¸é $\pi_1(A,v_0)=<a\,\,|\,\,\,>$,
$\pi_1(B,v_0)=1$ ÀÌ°í $x\in A\cap B$¿¡ ´ëÇØ $i(x)=aaa^{-1}$ ÀÌ¹Ç·Î
$\pi_1(Dunce\,\,\, hat)=<a\,\,|\,\,aaa^{-1}=1>=<a\,\,|\,\,a=1>=1$
ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. Áï simply connected space°¡ µÈ´Ù. ½ÇÀº  Dunce hat ÀÌ
contractible space µµ µÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â  ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¸ÀÏ
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú À§ÀÇ ±×¸²À» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ²¿±òÃ³·³ º» ´ÙÀ½\\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph23.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 23\\


 ¼ÓÀ» Ã¤¿ì¸é ÀÌ´Â Dunce hat°ú homotopy equivalent ÇÏ°í(»ç½Ç
Dunce hatÀº ¼ÓÀ» Ã¤¿î °ÍÀÇ strong
deformation retract ÀÌ´Ù.) contractible ÇÔÀ» ½±°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.\\

À§ÀÇ Dunce hat($aaa^{-1}$)°ú ´Þ¸® $aaa$²Ã·Î µÈ °ÍÀ» »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ.\\

 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centerline{\includegraphics*[scale=1,clip=true]{graph24.eps}}

    \end{figure}
$\hspace{15em}$ ±×¸² 24\\


 »ç½Ç ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ $\pi_1$Àº $\mathbb{Z}/3$ °¡ µÈ´Ù.  $P^2(Áï\,\,aa)$ÀÇ
universal coveringÀÌ $S^2$ ÀÓ°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô $aaa$ÀÇ universal
coveringÀ» ±¸ÇØº¸¾Æ¶ó.(Exercise) ±×¸®°í ÀÌ coveringÀÌ 3-fold
coveringÀÓÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é $\pi_1=\mathbb{Z}/3$ÀÓÀ» ¿ª½Ã ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.












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